Social conflict: escalation, stalemate, and settlement
In: McGraw-Hill series in social psychology
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In: McGraw-Hill series in social psychology
In: International negotiation: a journal of theory and practice, Band 20, Heft 1, S. 59-72
ISSN: 1571-8069
Except when there is substantial third-party pressure for settlement, participants in intractable conflict will only enter negotiation if they are motivated to end the conflict and optimistic about negotiation's chances of success. The sources of such optimism are explored using case material from three intractable interethnic conflicts that were ultimately resolved by negotiation. In all three cases, optimism developed during prenegotiation communication between the parties. Also there were two main channels of communication, each channel providing credibility to the other and serving as a back-up if the other failed. In two of the cases the communication was face-to-face and friendly, but in the third it was distant and mediated by a chain of two intermediaries. A possible reason for this difference is that the parties were positively interdependent in the first two cases but not in the third. The paper concludes with a summary of three psychological experiments that demonstrate the impact of positive vs. negative interdependence.
In: International negotiation: a journal of theory and practice, Band 20, Heft 1, S. 59
ISSN: 1382-340X
Except when there is substantial third-party pressure for settlement, participants in intractable conflict will only enter negotiation if they are motivated to end the conflict and optimistic about negotiation's chances of success. The sources of such optimism are explored using case material from three intractable interethnic conflicts that were ultimately resolved by negotiation. In all three cases, optimism developed during prenegotiation communication between the parties. Also there were two main channels of communication, each channel providing credibility to the other and serving as a back-up if the other failed. In two of the cases the communication was face-to-face and friendly, but in the third it was distant and mediated by a chain of two intermediaries. A possible reason for this difference is that the parties were positively interdependent in the first two cases but not in the third. The paper concludes with a summary of three psychological experiments that demonstrate the impact of positive vs. negative interdependence. Adapted from the source document.
In: Handbook of International Negotiation, S. 123-138
In: Psychological and Political Strategies for Peace Negotiation, S. 117-129
In: Négociations, Band 13, Heft 1, S. 115
ISSN: 1782-1452
In: Dynamics of asymmetric conflict, Band 2, Heft 1, S. 23-31
ISSN: 1746-7594
In: Négociations, Band 11, Heft 1, S. 11
ISSN: 1782-1452
In: International negotiation: a journal of theory and practice, Band 13, Heft 1, S. 37-54
ISSN: 1571-8069
AbstractSecret back-channel communication is often employed in severe conflict to explore the feasibility of front-channel negotiation. It can also be used as an adjunct to front-channel negotiation when talks become deadlocked or as a substitute for front-channel negotiation. Its value lies partly in the flexibility and future orientation it brings to talks. In the prenegotiation phase, it also provides political cover, is cost-effective, does not require formal recognition of the adversary, and allows communication with adversaries who do not meet preconditions for negotiation such as a cease-fire. Intermediaries and intermediary chains are sometimes used in back-channel communication. Heavy reliance on back-channel communication can produce flimsy agreements that are too narrowly based or fail to deal with major issues. But this problem can be avoided if enough time is spent assembling a broad central coalition.
In: American behavioral scientist: ABS, Band 50, Heft 11, S. 1520-1541
ISSN: 1552-3381
After 20 years of heavy fighting in Northern Ireland, a peace process started in 1988. The fighting went on, with some interruptions, for another 9 years; but during this time there was a long series o;f back-channel communications and conciliatory signals that led to a cease-fire, negotiations, and a peace settlement. The dynamics of this peace process are analyzed by means of the author's readiness theory, which attributes the process to (a) Irish Republican Army and British discouragement about the likelihood of a military victory, (b) pressure from allies of both these parties, (c) growing optimism about the success of negotiation, and (d) the emergence of a broad central coalition that embraced most of the political groups in Northern Ireland.
In: American behavioral scientist: ABS, Band 50, Heft 11, S. 1520-1541
ISSN: 0002-7642
In: International negotiation: a journal of theory and practice, Band 11, Heft 2, S. 371-394
ISSN: 1382-340X
Negotiation with non-ideological ethno-nationalist terrorists is more common & more successful than with other kinds of terrorists. Additional strategies for dealing with terrorists include combating, isolating, & mainstreaming. There are many arguments against negotiation with terrorists, but most of them do not apply to secret backchannel talks, which are usually the method of choice in first approaching these groups. The success of negotiation depends on the development of flexibility by both the terrorists & the authorities. These & other points are illustrated with case materials from the Northern Ireland peace process, & the analysis is extended, on a speculative basis, to negotiation with several Islamic terrorist groups. Tables, Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.
In: International negotiation: a journal of theory and practice, Band 10, Heft 1, S. 33-49
ISSN: 1382-340X
Field experiments, in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables in a naturally occurring setting, have sometimes been used in studies of social conflict & should probably be used more often. They are more useful than observational studies for assessing the impact of novel conditions, establishing cause & effect, & reducing confounding. & they are more useful than laboratory experiments for examining long-term effects & those that involve strong passions, & for establishing external validity. However field experiments also have their limitations. Some variables cannot be practically or ethically manipulated & require the use of observational methods, which are also more useful for looking at the relationships among a large number of variables & for estimating the strength of association between variables. Furthermore, laboratory experiments allow more control of conditions & greater flexibility in designing manipulations. What this suggests is that all three methods have their value. References. Adapted from the source document.
In: Orbis: FPRI's journal of world affairs, Band 44, Heft 2, S. 245-254
ISSN: 0030-4387