The objective of this thesis is to develop a conceptual model for classification of real property rights and public regulations. The model is called the Legal Cadastral Domain Model. The model is intended to be a terminological framework for cross-border exchange of cadastral information. Parties exchanging cadastral information via the model do not require detailed knowledge of the legal system in which the right or regulation is created. The model is based on the principle that real property rights and public regulations influence real property ownership by being either beneficial or encumbering for the real property owner. The theoretical departure of the research presented in this thesis is in comparative legal theory and terminology. Real property rights and public regulations are important parts of real property legislation as they describe and secure the use and other exploitation of land, water and air. The research is conducted through studies in real property legislation and associated literature. The model has been developed through case studies on real property rights in Portugal, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Sweden and public regulations in Portugal and Sweden. The generated results show that it seems possible to describe real property rights and public regulations regardless of their legal origin, at least in Western legal systems. The thesis also includes a discussion of terminological aspects concerning definitions of three-dimensional (3D) real property. The thesis consists of a summary and 6 papers. ; QC 20120629
This paper describes a Swedish approach construction a model of the cadastral domain. The National Land Survey of Sweden (Lantmäteriet) has developed an UML-based, objectorientated information model describing real property information stored in the Swedish Real Property Register. The register is part of the Swedish Land Data Bank System. The work has been initiated due to a general need for an object-orientated and application independent description of real property information. The project is part of a greater task describing all information handled by Lantmäteriet in an object-orientated way, not focussing on the technical storage of the information, but the information itself. A non-technical modelling approach is the foundation for more cost-efficient development of new software and routines managing and processing cadastral information in the future. The model is the result of co-operation between governmental agencies, describing the Swedish cadastre. The cadastral domain model has been constructed in a project initiated by Lantmäteriet with the purpose to establish a common description of real property information not limited to local, technical solutions. The work has been done in co-operation with national and local agencies handling cadastral information. The model acts as a basis for an increased data and information interchange between governmental and non-governmental agencies and is a part of the Swedish, digital infrastructure. The model is not a Swedish standard, but might be a contribution to a future Swedish standardisation process.
The concept of 3D cadastre is widespread internationally and part of many nations' legal infrastructure. Since the publication of a literature survey on 3D cadastre research by Paulsson and Paasch in 2013, there has been a considerable amount of research output and activities in regard to 3D cadastre, which led us to believe that a new investigation of 3D cadastre publications could be of interest. The aim of this study is to analyze the development in 3D cadastre research during the years 2012–2020, focusing on the legal perspective of 3D property. A classification was made into main groups, legal, technical, registration and organizational, also investigating the occurrence of sub-themes such as visualization, BIM and standardization. The results of other literature studies on 3D cadastre research were compared with the outcome of this study. The number of identified publications during the analyzed years was 530. The study showed that the number of publications on legal topics has increased, but in relation to the other groups is still rather low. The 3D cadastre research community could benefit from the inclusion of the legal perspective in publications from other main groups, along with an increased focus on international comparative studies.
The possibility of forming 3D property units has not existed for a long time in Sweden. The legislation was introduced in 2004 and in 2009 the addition of apartment ownership (condominium) was added. Even though the demand for 3D property formation has not been as high yet as initially expected, there seems to be an increased interest in and demand for it today. The use of 3D property creates a need for 3D registration and visualization of the property units, which can involve difficulties in e.g. representation and storage of 3D real property data, such as the legal boundaries and real property rights connected to the property.However, even if 3D digital information is used in the real property formation process the 3D properties are still registered using two–dimensional documentation. An ongoing study, which is a part of a project testing 3D data, see Andree et al. (2018a; 2018b) and Tarandi (2017), is focusing on visualization of 3D cadastral boundaries.This paper discusses problems and challenges concerning the conversion of 2D analogue cadastral boundary plans into 3D digital information and is based on experiences being gained in a research project on visualization of 3D property boundaries in Sweden, see Andree et al. (2018a; 2018b). A newly constructed sports– and event arena in Stockholm where 3D properties are involved is used as a case study in the project to illustrate the process and the problems related to it. Focus lies here on legal issues, although other aspects will be mentioned as well.The legal foundations for 3D property formation in Sweden are primarily the Swedish Land Code (SFS, 1970:944) and the Real Property Formation Act (SFS, 1970:988). The rights, restrictions and responsibilities, RRRs, are registered in the national Real Property Register, which also includes registration in the two–dimensional digital cadastral index map.A description of the process of forming 3D property is included in the paper regarding the documents and parties involved. In the present cadastral processes concerning new 3D property formation a CAD drawing containing 3D real property boundaries is often supplied by the developer/entrepreneur. However, the 3D cadastral representation and the documentation in the cadastral dossier is recorded in 2D (El–Mekawy, Paasch and Paulsson, 2014). The CAD file may – or may not - be archived for future use by the Cadastral authority. We therefore sometimes may have to interpret two–dimensional data and convert it to be used in a 3D environment, e.g. BIM. This paper illustrates and exemplifies with some experiences of interpreting the cadastral dossiers for presentation in a 3D digital environment.Current legislation has to be investigated and interpreted to be able to add or transform into using 3D models as part of cadastral decisions in Sweden. New regulations also may have to be introduced and analysed. In this paper some of the legal issues that need to be addressed are mentioned, however more work needs to be done in order to get answers to what changes may be needed regarding legislation on this matter. ; I detta paper diskuteras problem och utmaningar rörande konvertering av 2D analoga registerkartor till 3D digital information och bygger på erfarenheter från ett forskningsprojekt om visualisering av 3D-fastighetsgränser i Sverige. Att kunna konvertera registerkartan till 3D innebär att omvandla befintliga data till 3D, men också att ta fram nya processer för att inkludera 3D digital information i framtida fastighetsbildningsbeslut. En nybyggd sport- och evenemangsarena i Stockholm där 3D-fastigheter ingår används som fallstudie i projektet för att illustrera processen och relaterade problem. Fokus ligger här på juridiska frågor, även om andra aspekter också tas upp. Studien visade att det skulle vara mer kostnadseffektivt att registrera 3D-gränser och volymer på den nationella registerkartan med hjälp av byggnadsplaner som visar invändiga väggar, balkar och andra detaljer som är föremål för 3D-fastighetsbildning. Nuvarande lagstiftning måste utredas och tolkas för att kunna lägga till eller övergå till att använda 3D-modeller som en del av förrättningsbeslut i Sverige. Nya regler kan också behöva införas och analyseras. I detta paper nämns några av de rättsliga problem som behöver åtgärdas, men mer arbete krävs för att få svar på vilka förändringar som skulle kunna behövas vad gäller lagstiftningen på området.
The demand for easily available geographic information is increasing in society. Moreover, knowledge of spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) has increased in many European governmental agencies, in large part because of the implementation of the INSPIRE directive. Many countries, thus, recognise the need to provide more detailed geographic information as network services at the national level. One means of realising this goal is to create INSPIRE extensions, i.e., to extend the INSPIRE data specifications with more detailed and specific national information. This paper describes a study where a complex INSPIRE extension has been created to describe the national need of hydrography information in Sweden, based on the Swedish water system standard (SWSS). The study includes the creation of a UML application schema that extends the INSPIRE Hydrography (HY) theme, the transform from UML to an XSD schema, the creation of GML files, and finally, testing and evaluating the approach of using INSPIRE extensions. When evaluating the results, the consequences of replacing existing dataset/download services with one extended INSPIRE HY dataset/download service are evaluated from the perspectives of both users and data providers. The evaluation is carried out as quantitative tests of the resulting GML files, in a user-centric test where a user tests the applicability of the GML files in hydrological analyses, and by telephone interviews with personnel from Lantmäteriet, the Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority. Beside these evaluations, the possible effects on the information modelling process when creating an INSPIRE extension are also examined. The study shows that it is possible to create complex INSPIRE extensions that include many object types, attributes and relations. From a user perspective, extended INSPIRE HY files do not differ substantially from SWSS files, and can be used in hydrological analyses. Data providers can relatively simply replace their current download services with one for the extended INSPIRE HY, but the specific economic consequences for this could not be drawn. It could be expected, though, that there can be both economic, administrative and maintenance advantages if today's separate INSPIRE and national download services are replaced with services exposing datasets based on an extended INSPIRE data model for all adequate themes.
Joint facilities and utility easements are important legal instruments regulating land use in the Swedish society. Joint facilities are created when two or more real properties have the need to use a facility, such as a parking space, in common. Utility easements are rights to construct and maintain e.g. a pipeline or cable located on a real property. Sometimes the installations cease to be of use for the right holders. This article investigates the legislation used to liquidate these rights legally as well as physically. The study has identified insufficient procedures regulating the demolition of the physical installations, which may result in a situation where physical installations remain on the property after the legal right has been liquidated. This may cause an inconvenience for the landowner due to own costs for removing the installation(s) or becoming responsible for the right holders´ removal of the installation. Furthermore, increased costs affecting the landowner may arise in future cadastral procedures if the right still encumbers the property. The existence of installations no longer in use may even constitute a risk for human health and security, and the environment. The conclusion is that there is a need for better instructions and processes for removing the legal right and for who is responsible for the removal of the physical installation(s). ; Gemensamhetsanläggningar och ledningsrätter utgör en viktig funktion rörande markanvändning i det svenska samhället. Gemensamhetsanläggningar bildas då två eller fler fastigheter har behov av gemensamma anläggningar. Ledningsrätt är en rättighet som upplåts i fastigheter för att säkerställa en ledningsrättshavares befogenhet att dra fram och underhålla en ledning inom ett visst bestämt område på en fastighet. Ibland upphör gemensamhetsanläggningar och ledningar upplåtna med ledningsrätt att utgöra någon nytta för rättighetshavarna. I denna artikel har lagstiftning och förfarandet granskats gällande avvecklingar av dessa rättigheter både rättsligt och fysiskt. Resultatet visar att det inte är tillräckligt reglerat i lagstiftningen hur en avveckling ska gå till. Det har medfört att både rättigheten och den fysiska anläggningen i många fall blir kvar trots att anläggningen inte används. Att ett bortförande av en avvecklad anläggning eller ledning inte sker kan innebära en olägenhet för fastighetsägare. Dels genom kostnader för eget borttagande av den fysiska anläggningen eller ansvar för rättighetshavarens borttagande, och dels genom de ökade framtida förrättningskostnader som kan uppstå när de formella rättigheterna fortsatt belastar fastigheten. Det kan även bidra till miljöskador eller utgöra en risk för människors hälsa, säkerhet och miljön om inte anläggningen fysiskt tas bort. Slutsatsen är att det är viktigt att det etableras tydligare regler gällande både processen för att ta bort den formella rättigheten och ansvaret för det fysiska bortförandet av anläggningarna. ; This paper is one of selection of papers published for the FIG Working Week 2017 in Helsinki, Finland and has undergone the FIG Peer Review Process
