Suchergebnisse

National audience ; Periurban agriculture stands at a central point in town food supply while playing a role in urban and landscape planning for citizens. This agriculture is in jeopardy in the northern and southern Mediterranean regions due to the acceleration in urbanization and urban sprawl. Research works undertaken in ten Mediterranean countries show the adaptability of periurban agriculture which develops in many different forms. These works also however underline that negative externalities in this process are numerous and varied. In order to meet present social requirements, agriculture faces the challenge of developing not only food production but rather all of its functions, including landscape maintenance, environmental protection, etc. Within the framework of multifunctionality, agriculture could participate in projects concerning the territory and, by valorising traditional local production, contribute to the links between town and countryside. ; L'agriculture périurbaine occupe une place centrale pour l'approvisionnement des villes mais aussi comme élément de l'aménagement urbain et de paysage pour les citadins. Mais cette agriculture est mise en péril, au nord et au sud de la Méditerranée, par l'accélération de l'urbanisation et l'étalement spatial des villes. Des travaux de recherche réalisés dans une dizaine de pays méditerranéens montrent la capacité d'adaptation de l'agriculture périurbaine qui développe des formes très différenciées mais soulignent aussi que les externalités négatives de ce processus sont nombreuses et variées. Pour répondre aux exigences sociales contemporaines, l'agriculture est mise au défi de développer toutes ses fonctions, non seulement la production pour l'alimentation, mais aussi l'entretien des paysages et la protection de l'environnement. Sous condition de multifonctionnalité, l'agriculture pourrait s'intégrer à des projets de territoire et contribuer au renforcement du lien entre villes et campagnes, notamment par la valorisation des productions traditionnelles ...

National audience ; Periurban agriculture stands at a central point in town food supply while playing a role in urban and landscape planning for citizens. This agriculture is in jeopardy in the northern and southern Mediterranean regions due to the acceleration in urbanization and urban sprawl. Research works undertaken in ten Mediterranean countries show the adaptability of periurban agriculture which develops in many different forms. These works also however underline that negative externalities in this process are numerous and varied. In order to meet present social requirements, agriculture faces the challenge of developing not only food production but rather all of its functions, including landscape maintenance, environmental protection, etc. Within the framework of multifunctionality, agriculture could participate in projects concerning the territory and, by valorising traditional local production, contribute to the links between town and countryside. ; L'agriculture périurbaine occupe une place centrale pour l'approvisionnement des villes mais aussi comme élément de l'aménagement urbain et de paysage pour les citadins. Mais cette agriculture est mise en péril, au nord et au sud de la Méditerranée, par l'accélération de l'urbanisation et l'étalement spatial des villes. Des travaux de recherche réalisés dans une dizaine de pays méditerranéens montrent la capacité d'adaptation de l'agriculture périurbaine qui développe des formes très différenciées mais soulignent aussi que les externalités négatives de ce processus sont nombreuses et variées. Pour répondre aux exigences sociales contemporaines, l'agriculture est mise au défi de développer toutes ses fonctions, non seulement la production pour l'alimentation, mais aussi l'entretien des paysages et la protection de l'environnement. Sous condition de multifonctionnalité, l'agriculture pourrait s'intégrer à des projets de territoire et contribuer au renforcement du lien entre villes et campagnes, notamment par la valorisation des productions traditionnelles locales.

Recurrent food crises and climate change, along with habitat loss and micronutrient deficiencies, are global issues of critical importance that have pushed food security and environmental sustainability to the top of the political agenda. Analyses of the dynamic linkages between food consumption patterns and environmental concerns have recently received considerable attention from the international and scientific community. Using the lens of a broad sustainability approach, this conceptual article aims at developing a multidimensional framework to evaluate the sustainability of food systems and diets, applicable to countries of the Mediterranean region. Derived from natural disaster and sustainability sciences, a vulnerability approach, enhanced by inputs from the resilience literature, has been adapted to analyze the main issues related to food and nutrition security. Through causal factor analysis, the resulting conceptual framework improves the design of information systems or metrics assessing the interrelated environmental, economic, social, and health dynamics of food systems.

Recurrent food crises and climate change, along with habitat loss and pollution, have put food security and environmental sustainability at the top of the political agenda. Analyses of the dynamic linkages between food consumption patterns and environmental concerns have recently received considerable attention from the international and scientific community. Using the lens of a wide sustainability concept, this paper aims at developing a multidimensional framework for evaluating sustainability in food systems and diets applicable to the Mediterranean countries. The Mediterranean region - a geographically interlocked and heterogeneous area including South European, North African and South-East Mediterranean Countries – presents several conditions of vulnerability to food insecurity and unsustainability. Furthermore the demographic growth, in urban and coastal areas of the Basin, leads to an increasing pressure on natural resources and widening disequilibria with rural areas. Derived from natural disaster and sustainability sciences, a coupled domain/vulnerability approach has been applied to the analysis of the concepts of sustainable food security and diets. Within consensus-based preselected domains, the vulnerability methodology offers a coherent framework that disentangles exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacities. A DELPHI method is applied to select the final set of indicators from the literature. The main result is the elaboration of an innovative conceptual evaluation framework for measuring sustainability in the agrofood system. The framework draws upon two existing approaches: a vulnerability-based assessment method combined with an analysis of detailed empirical domains relevant for Mediterranean countries. The DELPHI selection process, involving several international experts, has reduced the number of indicators to a reduced pool of indicators. Use of the participatory approach of the DELPHI method helps move beyond subjective evaluation and reach consensus. Recognizing the systemic dimension of sustainability, the vulnerability approach enables to investigate the causal factors dynamics, instead of targeting exclusively the final outcomes. The domain-based framework reflects the region- specific attributes that necessarily need to be identified to link scientific concepts with metrics. Urbanisation is a main domain of vulnerability as it is a key driver of change affecting both market dynamics and consumers' behaviours, raising questions for food security.

National audience ; The observed trend of decreasing poverty in Tunisian rural areas, where agriculture is still dominated by family and where illiteracy rate and family size are high, questions may be raised about the economic policies adopted by the state. This article puts the analyses of these policies in the framework of food safety issue as food and poverty are tightly related and as food safety objective is multi-sectorial and multi-disciplinary. In economic development plans, food safety objective took the place of self-sufficiency. The analysis of food safety policy is based on a macro-economic analysis of the offer (policies of production pricing and subsidizing, investment policies) and demand (Policies of consumption subsidies and consumer prices) as well as the policies of fight against poverty. This analysis covers two periods: before and after the economic reforms of privatization and liberalization of 1987 (PAS: Structural Adjustment Plan). The assessment of these policies shows that poverty fighting programs are numerous and rich in experiences. These policies are more and more based on assistance programs oriented toward productive actions. The liberalization and privatization efforts were reflected by better performance and competitiveness of the agricultural sector. This had a positive impact on the employment, the migration and the availability of food products in rural areas. The self targeting of the subsidies by differentiating the products reduced the budgetary cost of these transfers and enhanced the equity and the nutritional and food situation of the poor people. The higher increase in income of country people and the decrease of subsidies indicate the more and more use of income direct transfers.

National audience ; The observed trend of decreasing poverty in Tunisian rural areas, where agriculture is still dominated by family and where illiteracy rate and family size are high, questions may be raised about the economic policies adopted by the state. This article puts the analyses of these policies in the framework of food safety issue as food and poverty are tightly related and as food safety objective is multi-sectorial and multi-disciplinary. In economic development plans, food safety objective took the place of self-sufficiency. The analysis of food safety policy is based on a macro-economic analysis of the offer (policies of production pricing and subsidizing, investment policies) and demand (Policies of consumption subsidies and consumer prices) as well as the policies of fight against poverty. This analysis covers two periods: before and after the economic reforms of privatization and liberalization of 1987 (PAS: Structural Adjustment Plan). The assessment of these policies shows that poverty fighting programs are numerous and rich in experiences. These policies are more and more based on assistance programs oriented toward productive actions. The liberalization and privatization efforts were reflected by better performance and competitiveness of the agricultural sector. This had a positive impact on the employment, the migration and the availability of food products in rural areas. The self targeting of the subsidies by differentiating the products reduced the budgetary cost of these transfers and enhanced the equity and the nutritional and food situation of the poor people. The higher increase in income of country people and the decrease of subsidies indicate the more and more use of income direct transfers.

The observed trend of decreasing poverty in Tunisian rural areas, where agriculture is still dominated by family and where illiteracy rate and family size are high, questions may be raised about the economic policies adopted by the state. This article puts the analyses of these policies in the framework of food safety issue as food and poverty are tightly related and as food safety objective is multi-sectorial and multi-disciplinary. In economic development plans, food safety objective took the place of self-sufficiency. The analysis of food safety policy is based on a macro-economic analysis of the offer (policies of production pricing and subsidizing, investment policies) and demand (Policies of consumption subsidies and consumer prices) as well as the policies of fight against poverty. This analysis covers two periods: before and after the economic reforms of privatization and liberalization of 1987 (PAS: Structural Adjustment Plan). The assessment of these policies shows that poverty fighting programs are numerous and rich in experiences. These policies are more and more based on assistance programs oriented toward productive actions. The liberalization and privatization efforts were reflected by better performance and competitiveness of the agricultural sector. This had a positive impact on the employment, the migration and the availability of food products in rural areas. The self targeting of the subsidies by differentiating the products reduced the budgetary cost of these transfers and enhanced the equity and the nutritional and food situation of the poor people. The higher increase in income of country people and the decrease of subsidies indicate the more and more use of income direct transfers.

National audience ; The observed trend of decreasing poverty in Tunisian rural areas, where agriculture is still dominated by family and where illiteracy rate and family size are high, questions may be raised about the economic policies adopted by the state. This article puts the analyses of these policies in the framework of food safety issue as food and poverty are tightly related and as food safety objective is multi-sectorial and multi-disciplinary. In economic development plans, food safety objective took the place of self-sufficiency. The analysis of food safety policy is based on a macro-economic analysis of the offer (policies of production pricing and subsidizing, investment policies) and demand (Policies of consumption subsidies and consumer prices) as well as the policies of fight against poverty. This analysis covers two periods: before and after the economic reforms of privatization and liberalization of 1987 (PAS: Structural Adjustment Plan). The assessment of these policies shows that poverty fighting programs are numerous and rich in experiences. These policies are more and more based on assistance programs oriented toward productive actions. The liberalization and privatization efforts were reflected by better performance and competitiveness of the agricultural sector. This had a positive impact on the employment, the migration and the availability of food products in rural areas. The self targeting of the subsidies by differentiating the products reduced the budgetary cost of these transfers and enhanced the equity and the nutritional and food situation of the poor people. The higher increase in income of country people and the decrease of subsidies indicate the more and more use of income direct transfers.