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Latin America is well known as an inequitable region. As it is recognized, inequality and corruption perception weaken the way that political institutions works and the democratic system. Focusing on Latin American and Caribbean countries, this paper analyzes what are the elements shaping tax morale. In particular, how the context influences ethical grounds decisions such as the predisposition to pay taxes is analyzed, using the survey carried out in 2005 by Latinobarometro. The objective is to analyze how country performance determines tax morale. To do so, four probitmodels are estimated using Gini index, Transparency International Corruption Perception Index and Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPpc) as explanatory variables. As expected we found that some socio-demographic variables play a relevant role. Interestingly, we also found that, in this attitude, LAC countries do not register a gender bias. However, those are not our main contributions to the literature on the field. The most important results are linked to: 1) the levelmatters, GDPpc increases the probability of people having tax morale, 2) moreover, income distributionalso influence on tax morale but in opposite direction and 3) corruption perception also reduces tax morale. Those results show that the quality of institutions matters and therefore, the way that democracy works play a relevant role.

Latin America is well known as an inequitable region. As it is recognized, inequality and corruption perception weaken the way that political institutions works and the democratic system. Focusing on Latin American and Caribbean countries, this paper analyzes what are the elements shaping tax morale. In particular, how the context influences ethical grounds decisions such as the predisposition to pay taxes is analyzed, using the survey carried out in 2005 by Latinobarometro. The objective is to analyze how country performance determines tax morale. To do so, four probitmodels are estimated using Gini index, Transparency International Corruption Perception Index and Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPpc) as explanatory variables. As expected we found that some socio-demographic variables play a relevant role. Interestingly, we also found that, in this attitude, LAC countries do not register a gender bias. However, those are not our main contributions to the literature on the field. The most important results are linked to: 1) the levelmatters, GDPpc increases the probability of people having tax morale, 2) moreover, income distributionalso influence on tax morale but in opposite direction and 3) corruption perception also reduces tax morale. Those results show that the quality of institutions matters and therefore, the way that democracy works play a relevant role.

The articles published in this series show that it is possible to create fiscal space for health in the countries. This requires specific decisions since economic growth is not enough to generate the additional resources needed. The studies analyze the benefit of reviewing the tax expenditures to identify exemptions — generally outdated and of low benefit for the countries —; arguments to increase taxes on products harmful to health; and credits and donations, which do not result in a viable source of income for governments. Fiscal efforts must be accompanied by an improvement in efficiency, and the progressive creation of new revenues is key to improving equity. It is necessary to improve the collection of fiscal resources. To this end, it is necessary to develop a research and action agenda that understands the analysis of the fiscal space inserted in the processes of transformation and reform of health systems, including the technical aspects not yet addressed and studies of the social efficiency of the fiscal space for major development objectives such as the Sustainable Development Goals 2030. In the countries of the Region of the Americas it is essential to have efficient management to do more and better with more resources, even during adverse economic cycles. This should be evident at all levels, including solidarity for achieving better health outcomes, strategic purchase of health goods and services, and strengthening of budget planning systems.

[RESUMEN]. Los artículos publicados en esta serie muestran que es posible crear espacio fiscal para la salud en los países. Para esto se requieren decisiones específicas, ya que el crecimiento económico no es suficiente para generar los recursos adicionales necesarios. Los estudios analizan la conveniencia de revisar los gastos tributarios para identificar las exenciones —en general desactualizadas y de escasos beneficios para los países—; los argumentos para aumentar los impuestos sobre productos dañinos para la salud; y los créditos y donaciones, que no resultan una fuente de ingresos viable para los gobiernos. Los esfuerzos fiscales deben ser acompañados por una mejora de la eficiencia, y la creación progresiva de nuevos ingresos es clave para mejorar la equidad. Es necesario mejorar la recaudación de los recursos fiscales. Para esto se requiere desarrollar una agenda de investigación y acción que entienda el análisis del espacio fiscal inserto en los procesos de transformación y reforma de los sistemas de salud, que abarque los aspectos técnicos no abordados aún y estudios de la eficiencia social del espacio fiscal para los grandes objetivos de desarrollo como los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 2030. En los países de la Región de las Américas es imprescindible contar con una gestión eficiente para hacer más y mejor con más recursos, incluso durante los ciclos económicos adversos. Esta debe evidenciarse en todos los niveles, incluidas la solidaridad que logra mejores resultados en salud, los sistemas de asignación de recursos a los proveedores, la compra estratégica de bienes y servicios de salud y el fortalecimiento de los sistemas de planificación presupuestaria. ; [ABSTRACT]. The articles published in this series show that it is possible to create fiscal space for health in the countries. This requires specific decisions since economic growth is not enough to generate the additional resources needed. The studies analyze the benefit of reviewing the tax expenditures to identify exemptions — generally outdated and of low benefit for the countries —; arguments to increase taxes on products harmful to health; and credits and donations, which do not result in a viable source of income for governments. Fiscal efforts must be accompanied by an improvement in efficiency, and the progressive creation of new revenues is key to improving equity. It is necessary to improve the collection of fiscal resources. To this end, it is necessary to develop a research and action agenda that understands the analysis of the fiscal space inserted in the processes of transformation and reform of health systems, including the technical aspects not yet addressed and studies of the social efficiency of the fiscal space for major development objectives such as the Sustainable Development Goals 2030. In the countries of the Region of the Americas it is essential to have efficient management to do more and better with more resources, even during adverse economic cycles. This should be evident at all levels, including solidarity for achieving better health outcomes, strategic purchase of health goods and services, and strengthening of budget planning systems. ; [RESUMO]. Os artigos publicados nesta série mostram que é possível criar espaço fiscal para a saúde nos países. Isso requer decisões específicas, já que o crescimento econômico não é suficiente para gerar os recursos adicionais necessários. Os estudos analisam o benefício de rever as despesas fiscais para identificar isenções—geralmente desatualizadas e de baixo benefício para os países—; argumentos para aumentar os impostos sobre os produtos prejudiciais à saúde; e créditos e doações, que não resultam em uma fonte viável de renda para os governos. Os esforços fiscais devem ser acompanhados por uma melhoria na eficiência, e a criação progressiva de novas receitas é fundamental para melhorar a equidade. É necessário melhorar a arrecadação de recursos fiscais. Para tanto, é necessário desenvolver uma agenda de pesquisa e ação que compreenda a análise do espaço fiscal inserido nos processos de transformação e reforma dos sistemas de saúde, incluindo os aspectos técnicos ainda não abordados e estudos sobre a eficiência social do espaço fiscal para grandes objetivos de desenvolvimento, como os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 2030. Nos países da Região das Américas é essencial ter uma gestão eficiente para fazer mais e melhor com mais recursos, mesmo durante ciclos econômicos adversos. Isso deve ser evidente em todos os níveis, incluindo a solidariedade para alcançar melhores resultados de saúde, a compra estratégica de bens e serviços de saúde e o fortalecimento dos sistemas de planejamento orçamentário.