Suchergebnisse

The Member States of the European Union have in 2014 updated the list of waste and defined the 15 hazard properties (HP) of wastes except for HP14 'Ecotoxic'. Four calculation methods for HP 14 are assessed till June 2015 in a Call for Tenders of the Directorate General of the Environment of the European Commission. This paper is a contribution to the assessment of these 4 calculation methods, with the presentation of results of a 5th one, using "extended M-factors". Available data of 33 samples from different origin were used. They were classified by the LoW: 16 hazardous (H), 7 non-hazardous (NH), and 10 mirror entries (H or NH). The LoW is taken as a reference method. The concordance for one calculation method is established by the number of waste with identical classification by the considered calculation method and the LoW (H/H, NH/NH). The discordance is established as well, and the case where the waste is classified "H" in the LoW and "NH" by calculation (under-estimation of the hazard) will be considered. Method 2 with extensive M-factors (the 5th one) matches best with the European list of waste (78% concordant H and non-H by LoW, and 13% discordant for H waste by LoW). It classifies safely waste containing substances with high ecotoxicity. Methods 1 and 3 have nearly as good matching (74% concordant H and non-H by LoW, and 6% and 13% respectively discordant for H waste by LoW), but do not classify safely waste containing substances with high ecotoxicity. Method 2 with M-factors limited to the M-factors published in the CLP has insufficient concordance (61% concordant H and non-H by LoW, and 50% discordant for H waste by LoW). As the same method with extended M-factors gives the best performance, the lower performance is due to the limitation of the M-factor. Method 4 is divergent (57% concordant H and non-H by LoW, and 56% discordant for H waste by LoW). The results of a European battery of ecotoxicological tests will be presented at the Conference.

The Member States of the European Union have in 2014 updated the list of waste and defined the 15 hazard properties (HP) of wastes except for HP14 'Ecotoxic'. Four calculation methods for HP 14 are assessed till June 2015 in a Call for Tenders of the Directorate General of the Environment of the European Commission. This paper is a contribution to the assessment of these 4 calculation methods, with the presentation of results of a 5th one, using "extended M-factors". Available data of 33 samples from different origin were used. They were classified by the LoW: 16 hazardous (H), 7 non-hazardous (NH), and 10 mirror entries (H or NH). The LoW is taken as a reference method. The concordance for one calculation method is established by the number of waste with identical classification by the considered calculation method and the LoW (H/H, NH/NH). The discordance is established as well, and the case where the waste is classified "H" in the LoW and "NH" by calculation (under-estimation of the hazard) will be considered. Method 2 with extensive M-factors (the 5th one) matches best with the European list of waste (78% concordant H and non-H by LoW, and 13% discordant for H waste by LoW). It classifies safely waste containing substances with high ecotoxicity. Methods 1 and 3 have nearly as good matching (74% concordant H and non-H by LoW, and 6% and 13% respectively discordant for H waste by LoW), but do not classify safely waste containing substances with high ecotoxicity. Method 2 with M-factors limited to the M-factors published in the CLP has insufficient concordance (61% concordant H and non-H by LoW, and 50% discordant for H waste by LoW). As the same method with extended M-factors gives the best performance, the lower performance is due to the limitation of the M-factor. Method 4 is divergent (57% concordant H and non-H by LoW, and 56% discordant for H waste by LoW). The results of a European battery of ecotoxicological tests will be presented at the Conference.

To reduce health and environmental risks of chemicals and to minimize the environmental footprint of human activities, green chemistry searches for alternative, environment-friendly reaction media and at the same time strives to increase reaction rates and milder reaction conditions. A growing area of research is devoted to ionic liquids often termed as "designer" solvents due to the extreme tunability of sought functional properties. However, these aspects have inadequately led many stakeholders to qualify ILs as 'green solvents'. This qualification was stated without sufficient caution about versatility of ionic liquid chemical structures which could induce significant variation in risk profiles. Thus, the Institute proposed a potential industrial accompaniment to reduce ionic liquid harmfulness by a novel combination of OECD Daphnia magna standardized test and fish immunomarkers. The combination of these two tests allowed multicriteria examination of ILs impacts in different organisms and trophic levels. The work provided new data for legislation and opened a door towards an integrative environmental evaluation due to direct implications of immune system in fish and ecosystem health. ; Afin de réduire au maximum les risques induits par les produits chimiques pour la santé humaine et environnementale, la chimie verte serait une approche alternative performante et plus respectueuse de l'environnement. Depuis quelques années, les liquides ioniques, également appelés « solvants verts », constituent un domaine de recherche en plein essor lié à la malléabilité de leurs propriétés fonctionnelles. De plus, les liquides ioniques sont considérés comme faiblement volatiles (pas de diffusion dans l'atmosphère, risque d'exposition faible), non inflammables (réduction des risques d'accidents) et stables tout en offrant d'intéressantes opportunités comme milieu réactionnel pour une chimie plus propre. De récents travaux publiés dans la littérature scientifique se sont focalisés sur l'étude des risques pour les écosystèmes ...

To reduce health and environmental risks of chemicals and to minimize the environmental footprint of human activities, green chemistry searches for alternative, environment-friendly reaction media and at the same time strives to increase reaction rates and milder reaction conditions. A growing area of research is devoted to ionic liquids often termed as "designer" solvents due to the extreme tunability of sought functional properties. However, these aspects have inadequately led many stakeholders to qualify ILs as 'green solvents'. This qualification was stated without sufficient caution about versatility of ionic liquid chemical structures which could induce significant variation in risk profiles. Thus, the Institute proposed a potential industrial accompaniment to reduce ionic liquid harmfulness by a novel combination of OECD Daphnia magna standardized test and fish immunomarkers. The combination of these two tests allowed multicriteria examination of ILs impacts in different organisms and trophic levels. The work provided new data for legislation and opened a door towards an integrative environmental evaluation due to direct implications of immune system in fish and ecosystem health. ; Afin de réduire au maximum les risques induits par les produits chimiques pour la santé humaine et environnementale, la chimie verte serait une approche alternative performante et plus respectueuse de l'environnement. Depuis quelques années, les liquides ioniques, également appelés « solvants verts », constituent un domaine de recherche en plein essor lié à la malléabilité de leurs propriétés fonctionnelles. De plus, les liquides ioniques sont considérés comme faiblement volatiles (pas de diffusion dans l'atmosphère, risque d'exposition faible), non inflammables (réduction des risques d'accidents) et stables tout en offrant d'intéressantes opportunités comme milieu réactionnel pour une chimie plus propre. De récents travaux publiés dans la littérature scientifique se sont focalisés sur l'étude des risques pour les écosystèmes aquatiques. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrivent les travaux menés par l'INERIS.

Dpto. Medio Ambiente y Agronomía (INIA) ; The current environmental hazard assessment is based on the testing of the pristine substance. However, it cannot be excluded that (nano)pharmaceuticals are excreted into sewage during the use phase followed by entry into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Sorption to sewage sludge or release via effluent can result in modified ecotoxicological effects which possibly can only be detected with a modified test approach. The objective of our study was to investigate a realistic exposure scenario for metallic nanoparticles (NPs) in pharmaceutical products, excreted into effluent, and released into the environment after treatment in WWTPs. The test approach was illustrated by using gold (Au) NPs. Effluent from model WWTPs were investigated in aquatic tests (Daphnia magna, fish cell lines). Sewage sludge was used as a sole food source (Eisenia fetida) or mixed with soil and used as test medium (soil microorganisms, Folsomia candida, Enchytraeus crypticus). To cover the aspect of regulation, the test systems described in OECD-test guidelines (OECD TG 201, 211, 220, 232, 249, 317) were applied. Modifications and additional test approaches were included to meet the needs arising out of the testing of nanomaterials and of the exposure scenarios. The results were assessed regarding the suitability of the test design and the toxicity of Au-NPs. Except for activated sludge as a sole food source for E.fetida, the selected test approach is suitable for the testing of nanomaterials. Additional information can be gained when compared to the common testing of the pristine nanomaterials in the standardized test systems. Effects of Au-NPs were observed in concentrations exceeding the modeled environmental. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under BIORIMA grant agreement No 760928 for the testing and under NANORIGO grant agreement No 814530 regarding risk governance. Further, to FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e ...