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In this paper, we present an analysis of the democratic-participatory project in Latin America. This project is not a standardized and uniform discourse nor an explicit set of practices and institutions, but rather a collection of principles, ideas, practices and institutions that –at an experimental level – have been fought for and achieved in different Latin American countries. Experiences as diverse as the well-known participatory budgeting in Brazil, the "Mesas de Concertación" in Peru (type of regional roundtables), the "Auditorías Articuladas" in Colombia (practices of society-state partnerships for overseeing public contracting, the execution of public works or the accountability of state agencies), the "Consejos Gestores" in Brazil (public management councils for defining public policies in education and health), and the "Consejos Autogestivos" in México (self-management councils in protected zones), among many others, demonstrate that alternative forms of citizen politics (generally referred to as "citizen participation") are possible. However, these experiences have yet to be proven over the long-term effect and are fairly limited geographically, as well as in terms of their cultural (and therefore political) influence. These limitations are due to the preliminary and exploratory nature of the democratic-participatory project. As well, the economic limitations imposed by the neoliberal economic policies that dominate the entire region generate obstacles for more profound democratic innovations. ; Introduction Political projects in Latin America The participatory democracy project Some experiences in the implementation of the project Final Remarks Bibliography

The compilation of articles in this book originated in papers delivered at a two day workshop that took place in San José, Costa Rica, in March 2007 . This workshop is part of the Africa/Asia/Latin America Scholarly Collaborative Program jointly undertaken by APISA-CLACSO-CODESRIA with the generous support of ASDI. This Program is designed to serve as a research forum for the generation of fresh and original comparative insights on the diverse problems and challenges facing the countries of the South. In doing so, it is also hoped that the activities will contribute to the consolidation of cross-regional networking among Southern scholars, foster a scholarly culture of Southern cross-referencing, and contribute to a type of theory-building that is more closely attuned to the shared historical contexts and experiences of the countries and peoples of the South. Participants from all three continents in equal numbers are invited to each activity. Each scholar is exposed to the socio-historical contexts of other regions of the South as an input that will help to broaden their analytical perspectives and improve the overall quality of their scientific engagements. ; Preface 9 Introduction Ciska Raventós 11 Part I Civil society, public space and democratization Democratic innovation in Latin America: a first look at the Democratic Participatory Project Evelina Dagnino, Alberto Olvera and Aldo Panfichi 27 Citizens' participation and associative space Armando Chaguaceda Noriega 47 Part II Protest, contentious collective action and democratization Participation vs. Representation? The Experience of the Neighborhood Assemblies of Buenos Aires, 2001-2003 Inés Pousadela 69 Index A Time of Opportunities: the Piquetero Movement and Democratization in Argentina Gabriela Bukstein 123 Antinomies of Political Society: Implications of Uncivil Development Ajay Gudavarthy and G. Vijay 141 Part III Institutional legal reform: contribution to democratization The "Democratization" of China's Laws and Policies: two steps forward one step back from Reform and Tiananmen to Falun Gong Gillian Hui Lynn Goh 167 Innovations in Electoral Politics in Ghana's Fourth Republic: an Analysis Alexander Frempong 183 On Democratic Consolidation in the South: comments on Alexander Frempong´s Paper Jorge Rovira Mas 205 Part IV Minority rights and democracy Democracy, Minority Rights and Conflict Prevention in Asia Ashok Swain 213

¿Cuál es la magnitud y el sentido de los cambios a los que asistimos actualmente? ¿Se trata de una ampliación de la democracia, de la reafirmación del voto como recurso inapelable para gobernar, de incorporación creciente de los excluidos, de un sentido de los derechos y la igualdad más profunda, de una efervescencia de la reflexividad por sobre las convenciones, y de las demandas de justicia? Pero, ¿no nos encontramos también ante una conmoción que altera las formas tradicionales de la institucionalidad democrática, es decir debilitamiento de los partidos y otras formas de mediación en provecho de liderazgos de popularidad que procuran establecer vínculos de representación directa con la ciudadanía? Este volumen presenta el debate en torno a las divergentes perspectivas para tratar la evolución contemporánea de las democracias. Aunque puedan discernirse tendencias generales deberían constatarse una diversidad de configuraciones democráticas y, por ende, conflictos y desafíos específicos en cada caso. Este libro pone el foco de análisis en las transformaciones de la legitimidad democrática, en las nuevas formas de la representación política, y en la emergencia y consolidación de liderazgos personalistas y con pretensiones refundacionales. Procesos que se inscriben en un contexto general de mutación de la(s) democracia(s) en América Latina.

La democracia es un elemento de disputa discursiva en América Latina porque existen posiciones políticas disímiles que corresponden, por lo menos, a un par de enfoques interpretativos de carácter normativo sobre esta forma de gobierno. Una postura cuestiona la democracia liberal por sus limitaciones representativas y deriva en apelaciones a la democracia participativa como una alternativa que desdeña de las mediaciones partidistas. Una mirada opuesta reclama la vigencia plena de la democracia representativa y el Estado de derecho para establecer límites a la participación popular porque la acción directa de los movimientos sociales debilita los canales institucionales de la política. La primera interpretación es anatemizada como populista, la segunda es cuestionada por socialdemócrata o liberal.