Suchergebnisse

This article analyzes the need for accessible, high-quality and effective long-term care. Ongoing demographic changes are notably transforming European societies, creating new challenges for future generations. Increasing the share of elderly in the overall population, as well as current social changes (nuclearization of family and higher participation of women in labor market) have significant impact on the provision and financing of long-term care, and certainly lead to strengthening existing and developing new forms of intergen­erational solidarity. The issue of long-term care of elderly is interacting with other social, healthcare and pension policy issues. Accordingly, long-term care represents one aspect of solidarity in practice and criterion for establishing the level of humanity and respecting of basic human values in every single society. Thus, long-term care of the elderly should be recognized as a priority for society in general. ; U ovom radu analizirana je potreba za pristupačnom, kvalitetnom i efikasnom dugotrajnom zaštitom. Demografske promene značajno transformišu evropska društva, stvarajući nove izazove za buduće generacije. Povećanje udela starih lica u ukupnoj populaciji, kao i aktuelne promene u društvu (nuklearizacija porodice i povećanje participacije žena na tržištu rada), imaju značajan uticaj na obezbeđivanje i finansiranje dugotrajne zaštite i nesumnjivo dovode do jačanja postojećih i razvijanja novih oblika međugeneracijske solidarnosti. Pitanje dugotrajne zaštite starih lica je u interakciji sa drugim pitanjima socijalne, zdravstvene, penzione politike. Shodno tome, dugotrajna zaštita predstavlja jedan vid solidarnosti u praksi i kriterijum na osnovu kog se utvrđuje stepen humanosti i poštovanja osnovnih vrednosti u svakom pojedinačnom društvu. Na taj način, dugotrajna zaštita starih lica bi trebalo da bude prepoznata kao prioritet za društvo u celini.

Overall changes in political, social and economic spheres in Serbia, along with ongoing demographic processes, have affected various policies and all aspects of people's lives, including system(s) of care. While care became an important analytical concept and category of social policy analysis internationally, it has not been systematically applied in the analysis of the Serbian welfare state. Incorporation of care in welfare state analysis is much needed as its organisation in the national context reveals a lot about the nature of the welfare state, changes in its socio-institutional arrangements and, most importantly, the effects of provision. This article thus aims to outline the evolution of childcare and eldercare policies in Serbia over the last decade, employing the concept of the care diamond developed by Shahra Razavi, which allows examining the "architecture" through which the care is provided: families/ households, markets, the state and the voluntary sector. By analysing the prevalent care policy "architecture" for children and the elderly in Serbia and the roles of different sectors in that respect, as well as by identifying similarities and differences in the provision of childcare and eldercare in the national context, the article exposes developments and current state in childcare and eldercare provision in Serbia. The analysis indicates the profound role of the informal sphere in both care systems in Serbia, childcare and eldercare. Some differences between the two care domains could also be noted. These relate to the configuration of welfare sectors involved in care provision, revealing the modified shape of the care diamond in the case of childcare. That is, while all four sectors are involved in providing care in the case of eldercare forming an eldercare diamond, this is not the case with childcare. In the latter case, the voluntary, nonprofit sector does not exist as a care provider in Serbia, with childcare "architecture" having a shape of a care triangle. In light of this evidence, the role of families and the voluntary, nonprofit sector should be taken into account in future planning and funding of policies as well as in their implementation. Key words: care, childcare, eldercare, care diamond, policy, provision, Serbia

Overall changes in political, social and economic spheres in Serbia, along with ongoing demographic processes, have affected various policies and all aspects of people's lives, including system(s) of care. While care became an important analytical concept and category of social policy analysis internationally, it has not been systematically applied in the analysis of the Serbian welfare state. Incorporation of care in welfare state analysis is much needed as its organisation in the national context reveals a lot about the nature of the welfare state, changes in its socio-institutional arrangements and, most importantly, the effects of provision. This article thus aims to outline the evolution of childcare and eldercare policies in Serbia over the last decade, employing the concept of the care diamond developed by Shahra Razavi, which allows examining the "architecture" through which the care is provided: families/households, markets, the state and the voluntary sector. By analysing the prevalent care policy "architecture" for children and the elderly in Serbia and the roles of different sectors in that respect, as well as by identifying similarities and differences in the provision of childcare and eldercare in the national context, the article exposes developments and current state in childcare and eldercare provision in Serbia. The analysis indicates the profound role of the informal sphere in both care systems in Serbia, childcare and eldercare. Some differences between the two care domains could also be noted. These relate to the configuration of welfare sectors involved in care provision, revealing the modified shape of the care diamond in the case of childcare. That is, while all four sectors are involved in providing care in the case of eldercare forming an eldercare diamond, this is not the case with childcare. In the latter case, the voluntary, nonprofit sector does not exist as a care provider in Serbia, with childcare "architecture" having a shape of a care triangle. In light of this evidence, the role of families and the voluntary, nonprofit sector should be taken into account in future planning and funding of policies as well as in their implementation. ; Sveukupne promjene u političkoj, socijalnoj i ekonomskoj sferi u Srbiji, zajedno s kontinuiranim demografskim procesima, utjecali su na razne politike i sve aspekte života ljudi, uključujući sustav(e) skrbi. Iako je skrb postala važan analitički koncept i kategorija analiza socijalne politike u međunarodnom kontekstu, ona još nije sustavno primijenjena u analizi srpske socijalne države. Uvrštenje skrbi u analizu socijalne države nužno je potrebno jer njezina organizacija u nacionalnom kontekstu otkriva mnogo o prirodi socijalne države, promjenama u socio-institucionalnom uređenju i, što je najvažnije, učincima pružanja skrbi. Rad nastoji izložiti evoluciju politike skrbi za djecu i skrbi za starije u Sbiji tijekom posljednjeg desetljeća, koristeći koncept četverokuta socijalne skrbi koje je razvila Shahra Razavi, a koji omogućuje analizu ˝arhitekture˝ unutar koje se socijalna skrb pruža: obitelji/kućanstva, tržišta, država i dobrovoljni sektor. Analizom prevladavajuće ˝arhitekturu˝ politike skrbi za djecu i starije osobe u Srbiji i uloge različitih sektora u tom pogledu, kao i identifikacijom sličnosti i razlika u pružanju skrbi za djecu i za starije osobe u nacionalnom kontekstu, rad prikazuje razvoj i sadašnje stanje u pružanju skrbi za djecu i starije osobe u Srbiji. Analiza ukazuje na bitnu ulogu neformalne sfere u oba sustava skrbi u Srbiji, skrbi za djecu i skrbi za starije osobe. Isto tako, mogu se uočiti neke razlike između dviju domena skrbi. One se odnose na konfiguraciju sektora socijalne skrbi uključenog u pružanje skrbi i otkrivaju modificirani oblik četverokuta socijalne skrbi u slučaju skrbi za djecu. Drugim riječima, iako su sva četiri sektora uključena u pružanje skrbi za starije osobe tvoreći četverokut socijalne skrbi, to nije slučaj u pogledu skrbi za djecu. U potonjem slučaju dobrovoljni, neprofitni sektor ne postoji kao pružatelj skrbi u Srbiji, te ˝arhitektura˝ ima oblik trokuta socijalne srbi. U kontekstu ovih dokaza, uloga obitelji i dobrovoljnog, neprofitnog sektora trebala bi se uzeti u obzir u budućem planiranju i financiranju politika, kao i u njihovoj primjeni.

The last two decades was marked by an increase in the number of studies dealing with young people leaving alternative care. Until the 90's of the XX century, research on small samples, describing the needs and lives of young people who have left the system of alternative care, were represented. This paper provides insight into the policies of different countries in terms of young people' transition to independence and examines the differences that exist in determining the concepts, laws and the outcomes of leaving alternative care. Studies have shown that young people leaving alternative care face the risk of social exclusion and marginalization and a lack of political action directed towards this vulnerable group. At the beginning, the challenges and difficulties faced by young people in Western societies drew attention of researchers (Dixon and Stein, 2002; Social Exclusion Unit, 2003). These results were disturbing both for underprivileged young people in care and the social protection system, because it's likely that they will become beneficiaries of the social protection system, as well as socially excluded and dependent on social welfare services as adults. Although in developed countries there are similarities in terms of protection of young people leaving care, the differences in the economic, social, cultural and political context probably influence the different approaches regarding the measures taken to ensure the well-being of young people. Thus, Corden (2001: 288) suggests that the strength of comparing different context lies in a better understanding of alternative frameworks and different perspectives in considering good and bad solutions among different countries. ; Poslednje dve decenije obeležio je porast broja istraživanja koja se bave mladima koji napuštaju alternativno staranje. Sve do devedesetih godina XX veka bila su zastupljena istraživanja na malim uzorcima koja se bave opisom potreba i života mladih koji su napustili sistem alternativnog staranja. Ovaj rad pruža uvid u politike različitih zemalja u pogledu tranzicije mladih ka osamostaljivanju i sagledava razlike koje postoje u određivanju pojmova, zakona i ishoda napuštanja alternativnog staranja. Istraživanja su pokazala da se mladi koji napuštaju alternativno staranje suočavaju sa rizicima socijalne isključenosti i marginalizacije, kao i izostanka političke akcije usmerene ka ovoj osetljivoj grupi. Na početku, istraživačku pažnju privlačili su izazovi i teškoće sa kojima su se suočavali mladi u zapadnim društvima (Dixon and Stein, 2002; Social Exclusion Unit, 2003). Ovi rezultati bili su uznemirujući kako za neprivilegovane mlade koji su na smeštaju tako i za sistem socijalne zaštite, jer postoji velika verovatnoća da će oni postati korisnici usluga sistema socijalne zaštite, da će biti socijalno isključeni ali i zavisni od usluga socijalne zaštite kao odrasli. Iako u razvijenim zemljama postoje sličnosti u pogledu brige za mlade koji napuštaju smeštaj, razlike u ekonomskom, socijalnom, kulturnom i političkom kontekstu verovatno utiču na različite pristupe u pogledu preduzetih mera za obezbeđivanje dobrostanja mladih. Tako Corden (2001: 288) predlaže da snaga poređenja različitih konteksta leži u boljem razumevanju alternativnih okvira i različitih perspektiva u sagledavanju dobrih i loših rešenja među različitim državama.

Outline of the support programs for families and children in European Union, its context, underlying objectives and measures, is the aim of this paper. Given the diversity of European family policies, this overview offers insight into current situation in the area of family policy and highlights the need for greater harmonization and better coordination of national legislation in this area. One part is dedicated to the impact of economic crises on the family and repercussions that it had on the family policies of the member states. ; Prikaz programa podrške porodici i deci na nivou Evropske unije, konteksta, ciljeva i mera koji se nalaze u njihovoj osnovi, predmet je ovog rada. Imajući u vidu diverzifikovanost evropskih politika porodice, ovaj prikaz pruža uvid u aktuelno stanje u sferi porodične politike i ukazuje na potrebu za većom harmonizacijom i boljom koordinacijom nacionalnih zakonodavstava u ovoj oblasti. Jedan deo posvećen je i uticaju ekonomske krize na porodicu i reperkusijama koje je ona imala na porodičnu politiku država članica.