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Chapter 1 Female Directors and Innovation in Public Hospitals -- Chapter 2 Post breast cancer coaching path: a co-production experience for women -- Chapter 3 Gender Diversity in Nomination Committee: a way to Promote Gender Balance on board -- Chapter 4 Exploring the influence of female human capital on entrepreneurial orientation: A multiple case study approach -- Chapter 5 Daughter Entrepreneurs between Birth Family and Gender Stereo-types -- Chapter 6 Female start-ups in Italy: a relational capital perspective -- Chapter 7 Gender and Identity of BoD members: the influence on CSR and financial performance -- Chapter 8 Factors affecting the presence of women on firms board from an institutional/cultural perspective -- Chapter 9 Social Capital in the Start-up Phase of Female-owned Micro-enterprises -- Chapter 10 Do gender quotas lead to gender equality -- Chapter 11 Investigating the Female Role in the Wine Sector. Business Administration Perspective on a Decade of Research (2010-2019) -- Chapter 12 The IT Strategy in the Luxury Sector: The Case of a Fashion Company -- Chapter 13 Gender responsive budgeting processes in the Italian Regional and Local Governments -- Chapter 14 Relational capital and crowdfunding: A new opportunity for Italian woman start-ups -- Chapter 15 Effects of Culture on Women Entrepreneurs Success: A Cross-Country Study.

This volume presents current research on gender studies in the specific context of the knowledge economy. Featuring contributions from the 2017 Annual Ipazia, the Scientific Observatory for Gender Studies Workshop on Gender, this book investigates gender issues and female entrepreneurship from social, economic, corporate, organizational, and management perspectives, with particular emphasis on advancing the understanding of gender in business and economic research. The post-industrial knowledge economy is characterized by an emphasis on human capital as the real engine of sustainable growth and development. With women comprising an increasing share of the global workforce, gender studies play a central role in exploring and understanding the attitudes and skills of women in business and their impact on economic and social development. Gender inequality in public and private contexts is decreasing due to an increase of women in leadership roles in business, the expansion and diversity of females in education, and a larger presence of women in policymaking roles. Ipazia, the Scientific Observatory for Gender Studies, aims to define an updated framework of research, service and projects on women and gender relations to highlight the evolution of gender in business and economics. This volume features contributions on female-owned family business, gender diversity in organizations, gender capital, and immigration from the 2017 Ipazia workshop.

The economic system has experienced heavy consequences caused by the recent pandemic. This paper investigates the interaction between the crisis and organization reaction, focusing on the female managerial role and contribution to overcoming the crisis in male-owned and managed companies. To achieve the research objectives, we used a qualitative research method based on an explorative case study. The results show that female managerial skills have fostered organizational resilience in terms of: (i) the attitude to change; (ii) the ability to promote new initiatives; and (iii) the ability to have initiated, consolidated, and managed solid formal relationships with institutional stakeholders. Our results also highlight the decisive contribution of corporate governance (even if male-oriented) in favoring the growth and autonomy of women in positions of responsibility. This contribution is evidenced by (iv) increasing delegation of roles and responsibilities in managing relationships with institutional stakeholders to women managers; and (v) recognizing women managers' talents in terms of career progression. The originality of this work is represented by the survey that aims to determine how the female management of businesses managed and owned by men can foster the resilience of companies. On the other hand, this paper investigates how female leadership drives organizational resilience during unexpected shocks, opening an interdisciplinary viewpoint.

A methodological approach to the concept of female entrepreneurship concept has not yet been treated: is female entrepreneurship an individual or collective concept? Is it considered a social or natural variable? The purpose of this research is to clear up these alternatives, which are preparatory questions for any research into female entrepreneurship that wishes to measure its features and effects. The article starts with the proposal of an identification procedure, necessary to identifying the variables of female entrepreneurship. It proceeds by classifying the concept of female entrepreneurship into four different modes and discussing their characteristics. The originality of this research consists in its fourfold classification of the concept of female entrepreneurship, intended as a preparatory step prior to the analysis of its characteristics and measures.

The aim of the paper is to provide an overview of the current literature of this business phenomenon with regard to gender studies and to point out what is substantially happening and what has happened in the Italian economic context. The main research questions were RQ1: How is the phenomenon of female Startups treated from a scientific point of view? RQ2: Which is the Italian situation of this phenomenon? The methodology used is both qualitative and explorative. A bidirectional analysis has been carried out for this purpose. In order to expand the first research question (RQ1), an analysis was carried out of the articles in the EBSCO database on the topic of female startups. In order to expand the second question (RQ2), an analysis was carried out on the data concerning the phenomenon of female startups, using the register of companies held at the Chambers of Commerce which were territorially competent. Our research, carried out within the Italian economic context, demonstrates how the phenomenon of Woman Startups (WSU), even if it is widely expanding, is inherent in all the typical elements of female entrepreneurship, as reported in the literature by gender scholars. The main factors that emerge for the WSU are the small size and the undercapitalization in the startup phase. This work contributes to the expansion of studies on the topic of startups in the context of gender and can be useful to the social context, new entrepreneurs, and practitioners of the sector.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the point of convergence between the process of drawing up the intellectual capital statement (ICS) and the corporate social responsibility statement (CSRS).Design/methodology/approachThe theoretical paradigm underlying the authors' research is interpretivism. In particular, this study is conducted in light of the "action research" perspective. Data have been gathered by in‐depth interviews with managers and from group discussions.FindingsThe results demonstrate that is possible and also convenient to overlap the tasks to be done in the process of drawing up the ICS and the CSRS.Originality/valueThis paper is of interest to both scholars and professionals because it presents the results of an empirical study into the critical success factors for implementing the development of ICS and simultaneously of CSRS.

Gender (in) equality and the economy : gender (in) equality / Gayathri R, SASTRA Deemed To Be University, India, Vijayabanu C, SASTRA Deemed To Be University, India -- Women's roles in family businesses : specifics, contradictions, and reflections / Michela Floris, University of Cagliari, Italy, Dessì Cinzia, University of Cagliari, Italy, Dettori Angela, University of Cagliari, Italy -- Transversal competences towards employability in female students / Maria Sarmento, University of Aveiro, Portugal, Marta Ferreira Dias, University of Aveiro, Portugal, Marlene Amorim, GOVCOPP & DEGEIT, University of Aveiro, Portugal, Mara Madaleno, University of Aveiro, Portugal, Carina Pimentel, University of Aveiro, Portugal -- Female entrepreneurship in Africa : an inquiry into the influence of rotating savings and credit associations on business growth and soc / Roselin Ncube, Women's University in Africa (WUA), Zimbabwe, Innocent Chirisa, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe -- Gender awareness and women managers in tourism : perceptions of inequality and what could be done / Elisabeth Pereira, University of Aveiro, Portugal -- Understanding career barriers of women executives : glass ceiling and glass cliff / Nermin Kisi, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Turkey -- The role of education in women's career life in emerging economies : the role of education for women's career / SEDA YILDIRIM, Namik Kemal Üniversitesi, Turkey, Durmus Yildirim, Namik Kemal University, Turkey, Selen Çoltu, Namik Kemal Üniversitesi, Turkey -- Corporate female leadership effects on iberian companies' performance / Mara Madaleno, Universidade Aveiro, GOVCOPP, Portugal, Elisabete Vieira, GOVCOPP Unit Research, University of Aveiro, ISCA-UA, Portugal, João Teodósio, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, Escola Superior de Gestão e Tecnologia (ESGT-IPSantarém), Portugal -- Life context model, intersectionality, and black feminist epistemology : women managers in Africa / Nasima Mohamed Hoosen Carrim, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Yvonne Senne, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa -- Exploring female entrepreneurship : an overview and a deepening of its understanding / Muhammad Zakria, University of Minho, Portugal, Paulo Santos, DEGEIT, University of Aveiro, Portugal, António Carrizo Moreira, University of Aveiro, Portugal, Portugal -- Power and gender: a comparative cross-cultural study of working women -- Zahra khamseh, the university of minho, missing country -- Relation between work- family life conflict and organizational cynicism in women : a research in banking sector / Yavuz YASIM, Hitit University, Turkey

PurposeThe lockdown imposed to avoid the increase in the number of infections caused by the pandemic emergency declared in January 2020 has unavoidably compromised the normal functioning of the Universities. They have been forced to stop the operation of their traditional student-oriented activities. In this light, the present work aims to analyse how traditional Italian Universities continue to deliver services to their students during the emergency.Design/methodology/approachQualitative explorative research was done. The paper used a multiple case study focused on two main public universities located in Rome (Italy). The data was collected using action research with participant observation. The activities observed before and during the health emergency are those related to the second mission and their services.FindingsUntil the pandemic emergency arose, in the organizations analysed, the work was done traditionally. When the lockdown started the main instruments adopted to teach and provide the related services to students were the digital tools. Therefore, these devices represent how these organizations could immediately react to face the challenge arising from the impossibility to physically meet the students while continuing to support them in their educational path. Based on the findings obtained these universities fall into the "corporate entrepreneurship" definition.Research limitations/implicationsThe present work has managerial and academic implications. The academic implications can be summarized in two main points: the work (1) promptly analysed the changes necessary to overcome the problematics caused by the pandemic emergency; (2) contributes to the debate concerning the transfer of knowledge using digital tools and their relevance on the intellectual capital. One of the limits of the work is that only two Italian traditional universities are analysed and that the study focuses on universities located in a same city.Practical implicationsOn the other hand, in referent to managerial implications, this paper highlights how the corporate entrepreneurial view could be useful to support an inspected challenge that could happened in a certain historical period. Therefore, a real implementation of the entrepreneurial concepts is preferred.Originality/valueThe paper discussed an original and contemporary topic not yet investigated since it refers to the Universities' reaction to the pandemic emergency in 2020, with the focus on their ability to maintain the intellectual capital value and give more points that could be investigate in the future, as, e.g. a selection of more than three traditional universities or with a comparative case study, useful in highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the decisions taken in different contexts, considering: (1) telematic universities and traditional universities; or (2) universities located in other countries. Another future line of enquiry could be to focus the analysis on the effective quality of the MOOCs applied at the universities' activities, using the students' opinions obtainable through OPIS (Rilevazione Opinione degli Studenti) or through direct interviews.

PurposeThe aim of this work is to identify and analyze the main areas on which researchers have focused in relation to intellectual capital (IC) and its management in the university context. This review will also analyze how these researchers carried out their work to understand future research directions.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis was conducted through a structured literature review (SLR) of 866 research contributions (articles, book chapters and books). An analysis of the content was performed to identify the main topics discussed and to ascertain how these studies were carried out.FindingsThis paper highlights how the management of knowledge resources (as IC) has been discussed in the literature, focusing specifically on how universities report the information, which is fundamental for allowing stakeholders to understand the value created by these kinds of organizations.Research limitations/implicationsThe manual analysis of the results of the SLR can be considered a limitation of this work. Another limitation of the work is represented by the use of only one database.Originality/valueThis SLR makes several useful contributions for both practitioners and scholars. First, it suggests strengthening the relationship with the external stakeholders to assure the survival of universities. Second, it enables others to replicate scientific research, thanks to its clear and transparent process. It also allows scholars to identify which issues their work should address, as well as suggesting possible future research areas.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the transition from measurement to management in relation to intellectual capital (IC). It aims to understand the relationships between measurement of IC and operational activities, strategies and context.Design/methodology/approachThis study takes an "action research" perspective to investigate the management of the analysed company in respect to IC.FindingsThe study concerns a company operating in the field of electronics and defence, which has developed a model of IC management. Every project set up by the company that impacts on IC is subject to measurement, valuation and reporting. This model aims to be an effective support to general management, providing a link between intangible assets and capabilities that create value.Originality/valueThis study does not aim to develop a framework for IC measurement but to highlight the process leading to implementing an IC framework in practice.

PurposeThe importance of relational capital for the university has grown enormously in recent years. In fact, relational capital allows universities to promote and emphasize the effectiveness of the third mission. The purpose of this paper is to propose a case study involving an Italian university that recently set up a new research observatory, and, thanks to its success, succeeded in enhancing its relational capital.Design/methodology/approachThe authors adopted an action research approach to analyze the case study. Consistently, the authors followed the analysis, diagnosis, and intervention phases. First, the authors focused on the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the process through which the university created relational capital, and finally, the authors proposed solutions to improve the process.FindingsThis case study shows that the creation of relation capital for the host university was the result of a process of transfer and transformation of the individual relationships of the observatory's promoters.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to filling a significant gap in the literature on relational capital and universities and provides useful insights into how these organizations can encourage its creation. It also allows scholars, managers, and politicians involved in higher education to gain a greater understanding of this relevant topic.

PurposeThis paper aims to verify which intangible assets attributable to intellectual capital (IC) influence the anti-cyclical nature and the resilience of social enterprises (SEs) during systemic crises and whether these factors take on particular connotations in female-run SEs.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative methodology based on multiple case studies is used to answer the research questions. A set of SEs operating in the catering sector is analyzed. The analysis is carried out by in-depth interviews with male and female managers of SEs to understand which resilience IC factors were most activated during full emergency and recovery stages.FindingsThe results confirm the anti-cyclical nature of SEs and their resilience to systemic crises. No distinct differences emerge between female and male SEs. Concerning the IC, relational capital (RC) is the most relevant intangible asset for small and medium-sized SEs. Internal and external relations support them during the crisis and the consolidation of trusted ties, formal and informal, external and internal, favor the Recovery. The RC is a crucial resource even in bigger SEs, but some differences are detected concerning the smaller ones. In the smaller SEs, informal relations prevail, while formal relations prevail in the larger ones, particularly with institutions. Furthermore, the RC is the sole or primary resource in the smaller SEs, while the bigger SEs can count on more varied intangible resources.Originality/valueThis study offers an original contribution to studies on IC by focusing on the factors little analyzed by existing studies: (1) SE management, (2) the contribution of IC to the resilience of non-profit-oriented enterprises and (3) the search for elements of differentiation between SEs with male and female leadership.