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Front Cover -- Environmental Water Requirements in Mountainous Areas -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- Book Reviewers -- 1 Mountainous areas and river systems -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Mountain areas -- 1.2.1 Defining a mountain -- 1.3 Mountain ecosystems -- 1.4 Mountain resources and services -- 1.5 Mountainous rivers and streams -- 1.5.1 Hydrogeomorphological characteristics -- 1.6 Hydrological characteristics -- 1.7 Sediment transport -- 1.8 Hydrochemical characteristics -- 1.9 Biological characteristics -- 1.10 Conservation and threats -- 1.10.1 Land-use change -- 1.10.1.1 Urbanization -- 1.10.1.2 Agriculture -- 1.10.1.3 Overgrazing -- 1.10.1.4 Mining -- 1.10.1.5 Tourism -- 1.10.2 Airborne pollution -- 1.10.3 Global climate change -- 1.10.4 Renewal energy production -- 1.10.4.1 Hydropower production -- 1.10.4.2 Wind energy production -- 1.11 Outlook -- References -- 2 Hydrological data sources and analysis for the determination of environmental water requirements in mountainous areas -- 2.1 Hydrological data requirements in environmental flow assessment studies -- 2.1.1 Importance of hydrological data -- 2.1.2 Flow regime -- 2.1.3 Hydrological data characteristics -- 2.1.4 Projected streamflow conditions -- 2.2 Hydrological data sources/measurement and processing of hydrological data -- 2.2.1 Hydrometric data -- 2.2.1.1 Monitoring stream stage -- 2.2.1.2 Discharge measurement -- 2.2.1.3 The stage-discharge relationship -- 2.2.1.4 Other methods of discharge measurement -- 2.2.1.5 Indirect estimation of historical flows -- 2.2.1.6 Hydrometric data quality -- 2.2.2 Other hydrological data -- 2.2.3 Data sources -- 2.3 Modeled hydrological data in ungauged or poorly gauged watersheds -- 2.3.1 Problems and solutions -- 2.3.2 Streamflow data naturalization.

The climate change in the Mediterranean area is expected to have significant impacts on the aquatic ecosystems and particular in the mountain rivers and streams that often host important species such as the Salmo farioides, Karaman 1938. These impacts will most possibly affect the habitat availability for various aquatic species resulting to an essential alteration of the water requirements, either for dams or other water abstractions, in order to maintain the essential levels of ecological flow for the rivers. The main scope of this study was to assess potential climate change impacts on the hydrological patterns and typical biota for a south-western Balkan mountain river, the Acheloos. The altered flow regimes under different emission scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were estimated using a hydrological model and based on regional climate simulations over the study area. The Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) methodology was then used to assess the potential streamflow alterations in the studied river due to predicted climate change conditions. A fish habitat simulation method integrating univariate habitat suitability curves and hydraulic modeling techniques were used to assess the impacts on the relationships between the aquatic biota and hydrological status utilizing a sentinel species, the West Balkan trout. The most prominent effects of the climate change scenarios depict severe flow reductions that are likely to occur especially during the summer flows, changing the duration and depressing the magnitude of the natural low flow conditions. Weighted Usable Area-flow curves indicated the limitation of suitable habitat for the native trout. Finally, this preliminary application highlighted the potential of science-based hydrological and habitat simulation approaches that are relevant to both biological quality elements (fish) and current EU Water policy to serve as efficient tools for the estimation of possible climate change impacts on the south-western Balkan river ...

[EN] We propose the novel integrated modelling procedure 3H-EMC for the determination of the environmental flow in rivers and streams; 3H-EMC combines Hydrological, Hydrodynamic and Habitat modelling with the use of the Environmental Management Classes (EMCs) that are defined by the Global Environmental Flow Calculator. We apply 3H-EMC in the Sperchios River in Central Greece, in which water abstractions for irrigation cause significant environmental impacts. Calculations of the hydrodynamic-habitat model, in which the large and the small chub are the main fish species, suggest discharge values that range from 1.0 m3/s to 4.0 m3/s. However, hydrological modelling indicates that it is practically difficult to achieve discharges that are higher than approximately 1.0-1.5 m3/s. Furthermore, legislation suggests significantly lower values (0.4-0.5 m3/s) that are unacceptable from the ecological point of view. This behaviour shows that a non-integrated approach, which is based only on hydrodynamic-habitat modelling does not necessarily result in realistic environmental flows, and thus an integrated approach is required. We propose the value of 1.0 m3/s as the "optimum" environmental flow for Sperchios River, because (a) it satisfies the habitat requirements, as expressed by the values of weighted useable area that are equal to 2180 and 1964 m2 for the large and small chub, respectively, and correspond to 82 and 95% of their respective maximum values, (b) it is consistent with the requirements of Environmental Classes A and B, whose percentiles are higher than 75% for discharge (77.2%) and for habitat availability (>83.5% for the large chub and >85.0% for the small chub), (c) it is practically achievable from the hydrological point of view, and (d) it is higher than the value proposed by the Greek legislation. The proposed modelling approach can be applied to any river or stream using the same or similar modelling tools, which should be linked via suitable coupling algorithms. ; Hydraulic field measurements were ...