Suchergebnisse

Cette présentation revient sur l'émergence du mouvement du libre accès, l'institution de politiques en faveur de la science ouverte et l'impact exercé sur la recherche actuellement (en France). La première version est le support d'une présentation orale faite le 17 octobre 2019 à la Maison de la recherche à l'Université d'Artois (Arras) à l'occasion d'une session d'information sur le libre accès. La deuxième version est le support mis à jour d'une présentation orale faite le 2 décembre 2019 au pôle Sciences et cultures du visuel, Plaine Images (Tourcoing).

International audience ; This article examines aspects of the foreign policy of Greece's socialist Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou regarding the Mediterranean from 1981 to 1986. The Mediterranean was one of the three circles of Papandreou's "multidimensional" approach in foreign policy, a conceptualized one that encompassed Greece's Arab policy, mainly from a third road point of view. Two case studies are considered, the Greek-Palestinian and the Greek-Libyan connections, principally from a European perspective. Opting for a global rather than a bilateral perspective allows to fully appreciate the evolution of Greek foreign attitudes at the time mainly from the perspective of their Europeanisation.

International audience ; In 1954, Pierre Mendès France, head of the French government, sought to redefine France's policy in the Middle East in order to reinforce the country's international position. Israel, Syria and Egypt were thought to be the key countries. France and Egypt already held close economic and cultural ties but their opposition to the Baghdad Pact (Middle East Treaty Organization, later Central Treaty Organization), founded in 1955 by Turkey, Iraq, United Kingdom, Iran and Pakistan, gave common ground for further rapproachment and even development of military relations. However, what determined the French-Egyptian relations in the short term was the escalation of the Algerian war of independence. Indeed, Egypt's relations with the Algerian nationalists and the sharp divisions that arose within the French government over the question of whether to preserve military relations with Egypt and Israel at once, in combination with total disagreement between diplomats and the French defence establishment over general foreign policy goals, eventually undermined the French-Egyptian relations. By the time Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Company in the summer 1956, relations between France and Egypt had already collapsed after the Guy Mollet government silenced its opposition to the Baghdad Pact for the sake of French-British relations and intensified military relations with Israel through the secret Vermars agreement.

International audience ; This article examines aspects of the foreign policy of Greece's socialist Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou regarding the Mediterranean from 1981 to 1986. The Mediterranean was one of the three circles of Papandreou's "multidimensional" approach in foreign policy, a conceptualized one that encompassed Greece's Arab policy, mainly from a third road point of view. Two case studies are considered, the Greek-Palestinian and the Greek-Libyan connections, principally from a European perspective. Opting for a global rather than a bilateral perspective allows to fully appreciate the evolution of Greek foreign attitudes at the time mainly from the perspective of their Europeanisation.

International audience ; In 1954, Pierre Mendès France, head of the French government, sought to redefine France's policy in the Middle East in order to reinforce the country's international position. Israel, Syria and Egypt were thought to be the key countries. France and Egypt already held close economic and cultural ties but their opposition to the Baghdad Pact (Middle East Treaty Organization, later Central Treaty Organization), founded in 1955 by Turkey, Iraq, United Kingdom, Iran and Pakistan, gave common ground for further rapproachment and even development of military relations. However, what determined the French-Egyptian relations in the short term was the escalation of the Algerian war of independence. Indeed, Egypt's relations with the Algerian nationalists and the sharp divisions that arose within the French government over the question of whether to preserve military relations with Egypt and Israel at once, in combination with total disagreement between diplomats and the French defence establishment over general foreign policy goals, eventually undermined the French-Egyptian relations. By the time Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Company in the summer 1956, relations between France and Egypt had already collapsed after the Guy Mollet government silenced its opposition to the Baghdad Pact for the sake of French-British relations and intensified military relations with Israel through the secret Vermars agreement.

International audience ; In 1954, Pierre Mendès France, head of the French government, sought to redefine France's policy in the Middle East in order to reinforce the country's international position. Israel, Syria and Egypt were thought to be the key countries. France and Egypt already held close economic and cultural ties but their opposition to the Baghdad Pact (Middle East Treaty Organization, later Central Treaty Organization), founded in 1955 by Turkey, Iraq, United Kingdom, Iran and Pakistan, gave common ground for further rapproachment and even development of military relations. However, what determined the French-Egyptian relations in the short term was the escalation of the Algerian war of independence. Indeed, Egypt's relations with the Algerian nationalists and the sharp divisions that arose within the French government over the question of whether to preserve military relations with Egypt and Israel at once, in combination with total disagreement between diplomats and the French defence establishment over general foreign policy goals, eventually undermined the French-Egyptian relations. By the time Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Company in the summer 1956, relations between France and Egypt had already collapsed after the Guy Mollet government silenced its opposition to the Baghdad Pact for the sake of French-British relations and intensified military relations with Israel through the secret Vermars agreement.

International audience ; This article examines aspects of the foreign policy of Greece's socialist Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou regarding the Mediterranean from 1981 to 1986. The Mediterranean was one of the three circles of Papandreou's "multidimensional" approach in foreign policy, a conceptualized one that encompassed Greece's Arab policy, mainly from a third road point of view. Two case studies are considered, the Greek-Palestinian and the Greek-Libyan connections, principally from a European perspective. Opting for a global rather than a bilateral perspective allows to fully appreciate the evolution of Greek foreign attitudes at the time mainly from the perspective of their Europeanisation.

Après 1956, l'intervention franco-britannique à Suez et l'escalade de la guerre d'indépendance algérienne imposèrent à la France une attitude de discrétion totale face aux affaires du Moyen-Orient. La crise qui se déroula au Liban en 1958 fut le premier évènement d'envergure à l'obliger à s'en départir, non seulement en raison de l'importance des positions culturelles de la France dans ce pays, mais aussi à cause de la dimension internationale de cette crise. Sa gestion par le gouvernement de Gaulle permet d'apercevoir les enjeux de la politique de la France face au monde arabe et des rapports anglo-franco-américains dans une perspective dominée par l'urgence engendrée par la crise du 13 mai. Durant cette courte période de transition, les orientations diplomatiques de la Quatrième République sont bien présentes et celles de la Cinquième se profilent tout aussi clairement. Sous l'impulsion de De Gaulle, la diplomatie retrouve cohérence et est mobilisée dans la quête d'une solution au problème algérien préservant les intérêts français au Maghreb, voire en Afrique.

International audience ; Après 1956, l'intervention franco-britannique à Suez et l'escalade de la guerre d'indépendance algérienne imposèrent à la France une attitude de discrétion totale face aux affaires du Moyen-Orient. La crise qui se déroula au Liban en 1958 fut le premier évènement d'envergure à l'obliger à s'en départir, non seulement en raison de l'importance des positions culturelles de la France dans ce pays, mais aussi à cause de la dimension internationale de cette crise. Sa gestion par le gouvernement de Gaulle permet d'apercevoir les enjeux de la politique de la France face au monde arabe et des rapports anglo-franco-américains dans une perspective dominée par l'urgence engendrée par la crise du 13 mai. Durant cette courte période de transition, les orientations diplomatiques de la Quatrième République sont bien présentes et celles de la Cinquième se profilent tout aussi clairement. Sous l'impulsion de De Gaulle, la diplomatie retrouve cohérence et est mobilisée dans la quête d'une solution au problème algérien préservant les intérêts français au Maghreb, voire en Afrique.

International audience ; After 1956, the Suez crisis and the Algerian war imposed to France an attitude of complete discretion in the Middle East. The Lebanese crisis of 1958 was the first occasion that allowed France to take part in the diplomatic activity regarding this event thanks to the country's important cultural interests in Lebanon and its ties with the Maronite community. The attitude of France was defined by the newly-formed government of Charles de Gaulle, who returned to power in the aftermath of the May 1958 Crisis – and whose main concern was to avoid civil war and prepare constitutional change that would lead to the institution of the Fifth French Republic. The French considerations regarding the Lebanese crisis reveal the main issues that were at stake in France's policy regarding the Arab world and the country's relations with Americans and the British at a moment that France was undergoing a major internal crisis. During this short period of transition, the French diplomacy maintained the main orientations of the Fourth Republic ; at the same time, those of the Fifth Republic were also clearly announced. Under de Gaulle, the French diplomacy regained the conduct of the country's foreign affairs of which it had been deprived by the ultras of French Algeria. In the summer of 1958, it seemed entirely mobilized in the search of a solution that would preserve the French general interests in North Africa as well as the country itself from civil war. ; Après 1956, l'intervention franco-britannique à Suez et l'escalade de la guerre d'indépendance algérienne imposèrent à la France une attitude de discrétion totale face aux affaires du Moyen-Orient. La crise qui se déroula au Liban en 1958 fut le premier évènement d'envergure à l'obliger à s'en départir, non seulement en raison de l'importance des positions culturelles de la France dans ce pays, mais aussi à cause de la dimension internationale de cette crise. Sa gestion par le gouvernement de Gaulle permet d'apercevoir les enjeux de la politique de la ...