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This article considers 13 instances in which China has used tourist sanctions as an instrument of its foreign policy. It finds that the effectiveness of those sanctions has been limited by target state considerations including the ability to diversify source markets, constraining effects of international alliances, and national security, sovereignty and territorial considerations, matters which are also of importance to China. The article highlights the ways in which the Chinese government regulates outbound travelers through directives, travel advisories, granting or denying countries Approved Destination Status and disseminating information through the state-owned media and indicates that social actors such as consumers and netizens play a role as well. It also investigates the goals of China's actions which usually have to do with protecting core interests broadly defined. Among the cases covered are ones involving Japan, the Philippines, Turkey, Taiwan, South Korea, the Vatican, Palau, North Korea, Australia, the United States, Canada, New Zealand and Sweden. Not covered are Belt and Road countries with whom China is practicing positive forms of tourist statecraft which may be more effective.

AbstractNew incentives are emerging for the protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) in China. This is happening as the Chinese central government tries to make China into a more innovation-oriented society. This is contributing to the creation of more intellectual property by Chinese entities and also giving rise to a new set of conflicts with foreigners because of the preferential and discriminatory industrial policies on which they say it is based. This paper considers these issues against the backdrop of China's membership in the World Trade Organization. Its purpose is to understand why there has been as much change as there has been on the IP front in China and why there has not been more. It does this by considering the different and sometimes conflicting currents that are shaping China's IP environment. These include the quest to harmonise domestic standards with WTO rules, the emergence of new IP stakeholders, the widespread existence of "shanzhai" behaviour, enforcement challenges stemming from the fragmentation of political power, and the spread of ideas about the developmental benefits of IPR protection.

China is setting up Confucius Institutes around the world to spread its language and culture and to increase collaboration with foreign academic institutions. The institutes could increase China's "soft power" and help it project an image of itself as a benign country. Concerns exist about a "Trojan horse" effect.