Suchergebnisse

AbstractIn the Commonwealth of the Two Nations, significant legal texts were implemented under the rule of King Stanislaw August, the most important being the Constitution of May 3, 1791, adopted during the Four-Year Sejm (1788-1792). Its framers faced numerous challenges, first, because then only nobles were considered as constituting the Republic, one was to define who should be considered as a member of the People, who could be elected deputy to the Sejm, and at which condition. Second, since the 1569 Union of Lublin the Commonwealth is made of two distinct states: Poland (the Crown) and the Grand-Duchy of Lithuania, drafters had to handle Lithuanian statehood in a Constitution, which was primarily seen as a way to enhance unification of the two nations. Third, the Grand-Duchy of Lithuania having its own legislation, enclosed in the Lithuanian statute, (adopted in 1529, followed with a Second Statute in 1566, and a Third Statute in 1588), the question of its maintaining or not too had to be taken into consideration by framers. We hope that considering how these different issues were handled will shed a new light on the permanence of Lithuanian laws and political tradition in the May 3 Constitution.

In the Commonwealth of the Two Nations, significant legal texts were implemented under the rule of King Stanislaw August, the most important being the Constitution of May 3, 1791, adopted during the Four-Year Sejm (1788- 1792). Its framers faced numerous challenges, first, because then only nobles were considered as constituting the Republic, one was to define who should be considered as a member of the People, who could be elected deputy to the Sejm, and at which condition. Second, since the 1569 Union of Lublin the Commonwealth is made of two distinct states: Poland (the Crown) and the Grand-Duchy of Lithuania, drafters had to handle Lithuanian statehood in a Constitution, which was primarily seen as a way to enhance unification of the two nations. Third, the Grand-Duchy of Lithuania having its own legislation, enclosed in the Lithuanian statute, (adopted in 1529, followed with a Second Statute in 1566, and a Third Statute in 1588), the question of its maintaining or not too had to be taken into consideration by framers. We hope that considering how these different issues were handled will shed a new light on the permanence of Lithuanian laws and political tradition in the May 3 Constitution.

In the Commonwealth of the Two Nations, significant legal texts were implemented under the rule of King Stanislaw August, the most important being the Constitution of May 3, 1791, adopted during the Four-Year Sejm (1788- 1792). Its framers faced numerous challenges, first, because then only nobles were considered as constituting the Republic, one was to define who should be considered as a member of the People, who could be elected deputy to the Sejm, and at which condition. Second, since the 1569 Union of Lublin the Commonwealth is made of two distinct states: Poland (the Crown) and the Grand-Duchy of Lithuania, drafters had to handle Lithuanian statehood in a Constitution, which was primarily seen as a way to enhance unification of the two nations. Third, the Grand-Duchy of Lithuania having its own legislation, enclosed in the Lithuanian statute, (adopted in 1529, followed with a Second Statute in 1566, and a Third Statute in 1588), the question of its maintaining or not too had to be taken into consideration by framers. We hope that considering how these different issues were handled will shed a new light on the permanence of Lithuanian laws and political tradition in the May 3 Constitution.

In the Commonwealth of the Two Nations, significant legal texts were implemented under the rule of King Stanislaw August, the most important being the Constitution of May 3, 1791, adopted during the Four-Year Sejm (1788- 1792). Its framers faced numerous challenges, first, because then only nobles were considered as constituting the Republic, one was to define who should be considered as a member of the People, who could be elected deputy to the Sejm, and at which condition. Second, since the 1569 Union of Lublin the Commonwealth is made of two distinct states: Poland (the Crown) and the Grand-Duchy of Lithuania, drafters had to handle Lithuanian statehood in a Constitution, which was primarily seen as a way to enhance unification of the two nations. Third, the Grand-Duchy of Lithuania having its own legislation, enclosed in the Lithuanian statute, (adopted in 1529, followed with a Second Statute in 1566, and a Third Statute in 1588), the question of its maintaining or not too had to be taken into consideration by framers. We hope that considering how these different issues were handled will shed a new light on the permanence of Lithuanian laws and political tradition in the May 3 Constitution.

The graduates of the Warsaw Cadet School made a bigger contribution to the warfare of the Republic and its political life. It should be noted that the Cadet School established by Stanislaw Augustus nurtured not only a new generation of competent Polish and Lithuanian officers, but also the leaders of the reconstruction and revival of the Republic. Warsaw cadet graduates were evidence of the country's independent development and its potential to restructure. Teachers of different nationalities taught in the Lunéville and Warsaw schools where the Lithuanian noblemen studied. Among them were a number of French officers who shared their knowledge and experience providing valuable military education for young people of the Republic. This article examines the impact these schools had on the Lithuanian officers trained there, and the significance of the activities of cadet schools for the entire country, in the military and political sense. In addition to various publications published, data about the Lunéville school found in the French military archives (Service historique de l'armée de terre – SHAT, in the city of Vincennes) was also used in the article. The information about the Warsaw Cadet School was found in the Czartoryski Library in Krakow (Biblioteka Książąt Czartoryskich) and the State Historical Fund in Warsaw (Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych w Warszawie).

The graduates of the Warsaw Cadet School made a bigger contribution to the warfare of the Republic and its political life. It should be noted that the Cadet School established by Stanislaw Augustus nurtured not only a new generation of competent Polish and Lithuanian officers, but also the leaders of the reconstruction and revival of the Republic. Warsaw cadet graduates were evidence of the country's independent development and its potential to restructure. Teachers of different nationalities taught in the Lunéville and Warsaw schools where the Lithuanian noblemen studied. Among them were a number of French officers who shared their knowledge and experience providing valuable military education for young people of the Republic. This article examines the impact these schools had on the Lithuanian officers trained there, and the significance of the activities of cadet schools for the entire country, in the military and political sense. In addition to various publications published, data about the Lunéville school found in the French military archives (Service historique de l'armée de terre – SHAT, in the city of Vincennes) was also used in the article. The information about the Warsaw Cadet School was found in the Czartoryski Library in Krakow (Biblioteka Książąt Czartoryskich) and the State Historical Fund in Warsaw (Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych w Warszawie).

1788–1792 metais Abiejų Tautų Respublikoje vykęs Ketverių metų Seimas įvykdė reikšmingų reformų. Svarbiausias iš jo atliktų darbų buvo 1791 m. gegužės 3-iosios Konstitucija. Vienas iš esminių dalykų, dėl kurių turėjo apsispręsti Konstitucijos kūrėjai, buvo tautos sąvokos apibrėžimas.
Konstitucija buvo parašyta švietimo epochoje ir tuo pačiu metu, kai vyko Prancūzijos revoliucija, todėl straipsnyje svarstoma, kokią įtaką Konstitucijos redaktoriams apibūdinant ir suvokiant tautą bei jos atstovavimo būdą turėjo prancūzų mąstytojai ir įvykiai Prancūzijoje.
Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kaip Gegužės 3-iosios Konstitucijoje buvo apibrėžta tautos sąvoka, koks joje nustatytas tautos atstovavimo būdas, ir jie lyginami su tų laikų prancūzų mąstytojų mintimis ir norminiais teisės aktais. Tai bus įnašas į minčių sklaidą tiriant XVIII a. Prancūzijos ir Lietuvos bei Lenkijos teisės filosofijos ir konstitucinės teisės istoriją.

In eighteenth-century France, scientific progress and its spreading met a growing interest among public, an enthusiasm that was to be reflected in literature. Fictional works including scientific knowledge in their narrative made their appearance, paving the ground for a genre promised to a growing success in the following centuries—science fiction. The article presents three eighteenth-century French literary works, each one centered on a different domain of science: Voltaire's Micromégas (1752), Charles-François Tiphaigne's Amilec, or the Seeds of Mankind (Amilec, ou la graine d'hommes, 1753) and François-Félix Nogaret's The Mirror of Current Events, or Beauty to the Highest Bidder (Le miroir des événements actuels, ou la belle au plus offrant, 1790). The first one, an iconic Enlightenment work that promotes critical thinking, relies on discoveries made in astronomy and optics. Tiphaigne de la Roche is far from sharing the fame of Voltaire, but his odd Amilec is noteworthy as it is possibly the very first science-fiction work in which biology is central. Written in the unique atmosphere of the French revolution, Nogaret's work The Mirror of Current Events depicts androids-like interacting with humans. Our purpose is to show that these works were a precursor (proto science fiction) of the science fiction genre in literature, to describe how and what science or technology was depicted in them, and how they influenced the view of Man (humans) in eighteenth-century France.

During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.

During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.

During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.

During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.

During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.