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Periodontitis is the most common cause for tooth loss in adults and advanced types affect 10-15% of adults worldwide. The attempts to save tooth and regenerate the periodontal apparatus including cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone reach to the dental tissue-derived stem cell therapy. Although there have been several periodontitis models suggested, the apical involvement of tooth root is especially challenging to be regenerated and dental stem cell therapy for the state has never been investigated. Three kinds of dental tissue-derived adult stem cells (aDSCs) were obtained from the extracted immature molars of beagle dogs (n = 8), and ex vivo expanded periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), and periapical follicular stem cells (PAFSCs) were transplanted into the apical involvement defect. As for the lack of cementum-specific markers, anti-human cementum protein 1 (rhCEMP1) antibody was fabricated and the aDSCs and the regenerated tissues were immunostained with anti-CEMP1 antibody. Autologous PDLSCs showed the best regenerating capacity of periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and cementum as well as peripheral nerve and blood vessel, which were evaluated by conventional and immune histology, 3D micro-CT, and clinical index. The rhCEMP1 was expressed strongest in PDLSCs and in the regenerated periodontal ligament space. We suggest here the PDLSCs as the most favorable candidate for the clinical application among the three dental stem cells and can be used for treatment of advanced periodontitis where tooth removal was indicated in the clinical cases. (C) 2011 Cognizant Comm. Corp. ; This work was supported by the grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. 2009-0066366) to Pill-Hoon Choung. ; 10

Background: LHX8 (LIM-homeobox gene 8) is known as an important regulating factor in tooth morphogenesis. Odontoma is a mixed odontogenic tumor where epithelium and mesenchyme differentiated together, resulting in anomalous tooth structures. In this study, gene and protein expressions of LHX8 were analyzed in human odontoma-derived mesenchymal cells (HODC) compared to adult dental mesenchymal stem cells (aDSC), as well as morphological and histological characteristics of odontoma were analyzed. Methods: aDSCs were isolated from normal teeth, and HODCs were isolated from surgically removed odontoma mass. Morphological and histological evaluations were performed to compare between compound odontomas and normal premolars. RT-PCR and real-time PCR were performed to identify LHX8 mRNA expression in the HODCs and aDSCs. LHX8 protein expression levels were observed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescent staining. Results: The compound odontoma was composed of multiple tooth-like structures, which contained disorganized but recognizable enamel matrix, dentin, pulp, and cementum. LHX8 mRNA and LHX8 protein expressions were all higher in HODCs compared to those in aDSCs examined by RT-PCR, immunoblot, and immunofluorescent staining. Especially, real-time PCR showed 2.77-fold higher LHX8 expression in HODCs than in normal periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), while alveolar bone marrow stem cells (ABMSCs) expressed 0.12-fold LHX8 than PDLSCs. Conclusions: Based on these observations, LHX8 might play an important role in odontoma formation. This is the first report regarding the comparison of LHX8 expression between HODC and normal aDSCs and its overexpression in human samples. The specific mechanism of LHX8 in odontoma morphogenesis awaits further study. (c) 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. ; This work was supported by the grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. 2009-0066366) to Pill-Hoon Choung. ; 1

The recent escalation of the African swine fever (ASF) epidemic around the world has placed the majority of the world's swine population under direct threat. To respond to this challenge,well-coordinated national, regional and global efforts will be required, not only by governments of the OIE Member Countries,national Veterinary Services and other public institutions, but also by a range of different stakeholders, including but not limited to the pig production industry, universities, research centres, forestry management bodies,hunter's association, tourism and animal transportation organisations, civil society sector and international organisations. A holistic, inter-sectoral and trans-disciplinary collaborative approach, with effective and participative allocation and management of sufficientresources,will be of paramount importanceto prevent further spread and to control ASF worldwide. On the ground level,Member Countries should ensure the correct implementation of relevant OIE international standards and best practicesin order to effectively control ASF. Theseinclude,among others, the following measures: risk-based prevention and surveillance programmes, adequate biosecurity in pig production sectors and hunting grounds, pig traceability and movement control, effective official controls, wild pigmanagement, safe culling and disposal of animals and their contaminated products, improved collaboration among the multiple sectors involved, and continued education and awareness raising programsfor all relevant parties. Theresponseto the global threat must involve coordinated actionsby international organisations, research and scientific institutions,development partners, pig and meat producers, governmental agencies and other stakeholders to prevent further spread of this virus.It mustensure the wellbeing of farmers and poverty reduction, protect animal welfare,prevent disastrous economic loses, and allow further contribution of the pig sector to global health, wealth, equity and sustainability.Development ofeffective and safe vaccines for domestic pigs and wild boar is more important than ever, given the current global ASF threat associated with the worsening epidemiological situation and the lack of a vaccine to contain ASF outbreaks. There is an urgent need for an international consensus to design an appropriate global strategical framework and to carry out adequate actions related to the reduction of the burden of ASF, promotion of economic prosperity, ensuring food security and facilitating safetrade of pig commodities. Regional and national ASF control strategies should be based on the best practices, appropriate enforcement of the legislation and close coordination with stakeholders. Member Countries shouldincrease their technical capacities and expertise, identify and use the relevant scientific knowledge,and engage inrisk communication with relevant stakeholders.Integration of participatory approaches and stakeholder engagement, participation and ownership intheASF response are as essential for the development of a global agenda for ASF control as they arefor making technical recommendations for use by national Veterinary Services. Well-structured and properly implemented communication campaigns, targeted for establishing behavioural change and intersectoral collaboration should be an essential component of any ASF control programme. Thisarticle explores the global burden of the ASF situation, challengesfor effective control and eradication, lessons learned and thekey factors that need to be considered for a global coordinated response.

On behalf of the HELENA Study Group. ; This study aimed to examine the association between vitamin B6, folate and vitamin B12 biomarkers and plasma fatty acids in European adolescents. A subsample from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study with valid data on B-vitamins and fatty acid blood parameters, and all the other covariates used in the analyses such as BMI, Diet Quality Index, education of the mother and physical activity assessed by a questionnaire, was selected resulting in 674 cases (43 % males). B-vitamin biomarkers were measured by chromatography and immunoassay and fatty acids by enzymatic analyses. Linear mixed models elucidated the association between B-vitamins and fatty acid blood parameters (changes in fatty acid profiles according to change in 10 units of vitamin B biomarkers). DHA, EPA) and n-3 fatty acids showed positive associations with B-vitamin biomarkers, mainly with those corresponding to folate and vitamin B12. Contrarily, negative associations were found with n-6:n-3 ratio, trans-fatty acids and oleic:stearic ratio. With total homocysteine (tHcy), all the associations found with these parameters were opposite (for instance, an increase of 10 nmol/l in red blood cell folate or holotranscobalamin in females produces an increase of 15·85 Âmol/l of EPA (P value <0·01), whereas an increase of 10 nmol/l of tHcy in males produces a decrease of 2·06 Âmol/l of DHA (P value <0·05). Positive associations between B-vitamins and specific fatty acids might suggest underlying mechanisms between B-vitamins and CVD and it is worth the attention of public health policies. ; The HELENA study received funding from the European Union's Sixth RTD Framework Programme (contract FOODCT-2005-007034). Additional support was obtained from the Spanish Ministry of Education (AGL2007-29784-E/ALI), Axis-Shield Diagnostics Ltd (Oslo, Norway), Abbot Científica S.A. (Spain). This analysis was also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (JCI-2010-07055) with the contribution of the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). The first author is supported by a grant from the Spanish Carlos III Health Institute: RD08/0072/0025 (Red SAMID: Maternal, Child Health and Development Research Network). ; Peer Reviewed