Suchergebnisse

Manuel de Faria e Sousa's Rimas Varias de Luis de Camoens (1685–88) continues to be the most influential edition of and scholarly work on Camões's lyric oeuvre. While his attributions have been widely debated (and many disproved), the reasons Faria e Sousa puts forward for them have received only cursory attention. The commentator's strikingly psychological explanations for ascribing texts to Camões suggest unexpected ways in which lyric authorship could be conceptualised in the seventeenth century. How he deals with the proliferation of texts in manuscript miscellanies illuminates where the line lay between variants, poorly concealed plagiarism, and entirely new poems – in other words, what makes a poem original. Faria e Sousa's edition points to a prehistory of claims to author's rights and authorial originality before the introduction of copyright legislation and highlights the role that editors played in the construction of modern authorship, suggesting they might be as possessive of texts, if not more so, than writers themselves.

Readers of Diogo Bernardes's (c.1530-c. 1595) poetry have long praised the brandura (gentleness) of his work. But what brandura meant and how positively this quality was viewed shifted depending on the context of discussion. Brandura was associated with the middle style, mastery of elocutio, and, by extension, with poetry's ability to move those who listened to or read it. Because of this, brandura could, at one moment, provoke moral anxiety, and at another, could signal the height of poetic accomplishment. In quarrels over the relative merits of the different European vernaculars, apologists of the Portuguese language invested in Bernardes's reputation as brando (gentle) as he was said to demonstrate the brandura of their mother tongue. Yet, later in the seventeenth century, Bernardes's fortunes sank. Though Bernardes is currently little esteemed, his association with the multiple meanings of brando and brandura implicated him in a series of important political, moral, and aesthetic disputes throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Through renewed attention to style and affect in the context of cultural history, the present essay aims to revive interest in his work in the present.

MODERN INSTITUTIONAL THEORY SPECIFIES TWO DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF INSTITUTIONS. THE FIRST ASPECT-AND BY FAR THE PREDOMINANT PERSPECTIVE-SEES INSTITUTIONS AS RECURRENT PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR, VALUES, NORMS AND PRACTICES WHICH GUIDE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL BEHAVIOR. THE SECOND ASPECT REFERS TO THE MANIFEST INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMS OF THE STATE. THESE TWO SIDES OF INSTITUTIONS ARE SUPPOSED TO BE MUTUALLY REINFORCING. THUS, INSTITUTIONS ARE "EMBEDDED" IN OVERARCHING SYSTEMS OF VALUES AT THE SAME TIME AS THEY "CONSTRAIN" BEHAVIOR. THIS ARTICLE TAKES EXACTLY THE OPPOSITE APPROACH AND SEEKS TO SEPARATE THE TWO DIFFERENT MEANINGS OF INSTITUTIONS IN ORDER TO EXPLAIN CHANGES IN THE EFFECTIVE CAPABILITIES OF MANIFEST INSTITUTIONS. USING THE JAPANESE MINISTRY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INDUSTRY (MITI) AS AN EMPIRICAL CASE, THE ARGUMENT ADVANCED IN THE ARTICLE IS THAT VARIATIONS IN THE INSTITUTIONAL LEVERAGE AND CAPACITY OF MITI CAN TO A SIGNIFICANT EXTENT BE EXPLAINED BY CHANGES IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN "ABSTRACT" AND "MANIFEST" INSTITUTIONS, I.E. THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE STATE REFLECTS PREDOMINANT SYSTEMS OF VALUES, NORMS AND BELIEFS IN SOCIETY. IN ADDITION TO THE VAST LITERATURE ON INSTITUTIONAL THEORY, THE ARTICLE DRAWS ON A SERIES OF INTERVIEWS WITH MITI SENIOR OFFICIALS BETWEEN 1988 AND 1996 AS WELL AS ON THE LITERATURE ON JAPANESE POLITICAL ECONOMY.

This book examines the need for co-operation between Europe and Asia, particularly in view of China's accession to the WTO. It looks at the cultural implications for closer cooperation between the two parts of the world, exploring corporate culture and leadership in integration management through mergers and acquisitions. It then goes onto discuss whether the world is big enough for several cultures or whether further integration will result in homogenisation. The authors are leading researchers in the field of economic and cultural co-operation.