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The Multi-function Polis (MFP) has created debate and divided opinions since it was first proposed by Japan's Minister for International Trade and Industry in 1987. The announcement of its official demise by the South Australian Premier in August 1997 following the termination of federal funding in 1996 appeared to complete the story. However, opinions remain divided as to whether the project was a A$100 million waste of taxpayers money or a valuable initiative to promote urban redevelopment in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. This paper reviews the debate by recognising the changing roles of international and local actors. The interaction between international and domestic politics has received increased attention in the literature on Pacific relations and development initiatives. In its first phase, the Multifunction Polis was supported by the Japanese and Australian federal governments, but received strong local opposition. In the second phase, Japanese and Australian federal government support for the project waned, but local support grew as state and local governments promoted the project because of its potential to meet local needs. However,by 1997 the project had failed to attract large scale external investment and it was integrated into state government efforts to promote development in the core of Adelaide. This Australian case study of a Japanese proposal for a futuristic high tech city for interaction among the People of the Pacific, offers lessons for other international development initiatives.

This study explores the development of teacher professionalism as it is reflected both historically and philosophically in the educational reform movements of the 1830's and 1980's. Within this framework the study argues that interpersonal communication and group dynamics skills training is now a necessary component for the development of professionalism in teacher education programs. The study reviews the Carnegie (1986), Holmes (1986) and Nation At Risk (1983) reports on education, focusing on the issue of the professionalization of teaching. The study evaluates the potential impact of the notion of "critical democracy" (Giroux and Mclaren, 1986) on the preparation of pre-service teachers in the 1990s. The study reviews the following elements: (1) the educational reform movement of the 1980's, specifically focusing on the issues of teacher professionalism, collaboration in educational settings, shared decision making, and critical literacy, (2) the historical foundations of teacher education in America, specifically focusing on the development of the First Normal School at Lexington, Massachusetts (1839), and the professionalization of teaching in the reform movement of the 1830's, and (3) the theoretical development and the practical application of interpersonal communication and group dynamics skills training in the development of professionalism, specifically exploring the utilization of such training in the curricula of pre-service teacher education programs. The study sets forth a normative philosophical framework for professional development which is grounded in the models of interpersonal communication and group dynamics developed by Jack Gibb (1970) and Gerrard Egan (1976). Specific practical applications are explored and the primary elements of the theory are illustrated in the form of possible curricular elements. These practical applications address the issues of: (1) Team Building and Group Contract Development, (2) Interpersonal Communication and Group Dynamics Skills Training, and (3) Collaborative Decision Making/Empowerment. The study also critiques the possible benefits associated with the proposed theoretical framework and its practical applications for use in pre-service teacher education programs. Finally, the study makes recommendations for utilization of the theory in various' educational settings and explores the possibility of further research and publication. ; Ed. D.

Remote aboriginal communities in Canada's Yukon Territory are undergoing a transition from carbon-intensive diesel generated electricity to low carbon, renewable sources of electricity. Hydroelectricity is the main source of power in the territorial grid so the extension of the grid and the addition of new hydroelectricity sources offers one path to low carbon electricity future for some communities. In more remote parts of the territory, wind, solar and smaller hydroelectric generation projects are considered to reduce diesel consumption and the associated greenhouse gas emissions. Yukon's Climate Change Action Plan promotes cutting the carbon intensity of electricity. This paper reviews community electricity systems, past renewable electricity projects, as well as available renewable resources, generation alternatives, and policies, plans and proposed future projects that could help transform the supply of electricity in the remote communities. The transition to cleaner electricity systems also creates an opportunity for new investment models and development options where communities or private parties may replace public utilities as investors in new generation technologies. Government supports for the transition of communities from greenhouse gas intensive diesel generation to low carbon renewable sources of electricity include the microgeneration and Independent Power Producer policies. Initial success with small renewable energy projects in the remote Yukon communities is leading to additional and larger projects being planned.Keywords: Yukon, remote aboriginal communities, indigenous communities, diesel, renewable electricity, energy transition, climate action policies

Remote aboriginal communities in Nunavut are entirely dependent on diesel powered electricity. This paper reviews the electricity systems in 25 remote communities, past renewable electricity projects and available renewable resources. Despite past efforts to introduce renewable energy into these communities, alternative energy generation is limited to a few district heating installations, and wind and solar demonstration projects. The high cost of deployment of renewable technologies in Nunavut's isolated locations and limited government financial resources hinder communities' participation in renewable electricity generation. However, growing demand and the necessity for diesel plant replacements or upgrades in 17 of the 25 communities, combined with recent decreases in the cost of solar and battery storage technologies, provide an opportunity for communities with high wind resources to integrate wind and solar projects into their electricity systems and to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.Keywords: Nunavut, remote aboriginal communities, indigenous communities, diesel, renewable electricity, wind, solar

An energy transition is being proposed for Labrador's remote aboriginal communities that are currently serviced by diesel fueled electricity generators. The Nunatsiavut Regional Government (NRG) is concerned about electricity price increases, power outages and shortages that affect economic development in communities. The high cost of connecting the communities to the Labrador or Newfoundland interconnected grids restricts access to clean and affordable hydroelectricity provided by large projects in southwestern Labrador. Instead, the NRG proposed local renewable sources of electricity as the means to improve community wellbeing. This paper reviews the electrical systems, past renewable electricity projects, as well as available renewable resources for electricity generation in Labrador's isolated communities. A transition from diesel generated electricity to less carbon intensive generation is promoted through utility scale run-of-river projects in five of the 16 communities and wind and solar pilot projects to be developed by the Nunatsiavut Regional Government. A net metering policy encourages community participation in small scale wind and solar applications to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, high electricity expenses and increase development capacity.Keywords: Newfoundland and Labrador, remote aboriginal communities, indigenous communities, renewable electricity, community ownership, wind, solar

According to the syllabus of "Civil Rights and the Constitution"—an undergraduate public law course at the University of Maryland—we study Supreme Court cases, and we "do constitutional law." The phrase—"doing law"—is intended to capture Sheldon Wolin's notion of "doing political theory." That is, public law, like political theory, should be an active pursuit, not a passive process of ingestion. Law and theory are rich in pedagogical opportunities to involve students with issues of recurrent public importance, and to do so in a creative manner that develops critical, principled, analytical skills. In public law, this can be done by reliance on structured role-playing, involving judicial problem solving, and focusing on a normatively exciting hypothetical issue over which participants might reasonably differ.

Wer sich heute in Grossstädten bewegt, kommt an ihnen nicht vorbei: an Hipstern. Diese inhomogene Gruppe einer Jugend- und Subkultur hat sich längst universal im Mainstream Raum geschaffen. Simsek ist Journalistin und Kennerin der Szene. Sie führt in dem Buch vor Augen, was alles für Hipster von Bedeutung ist und wodurch sie sich auszeichnen, z.B.: markante Brillen, Bärte, kleine Hunde, viele Praktika, Fixies (bestimmte Fahrräder), Hang zur Retrotechnik, zu Start-ups und zum Veganismus. Die Autorin spürt in 50 Lemmata auch einem Zeitgeist nach, ihr Text ist immer wieder augenzwinkernd. Die ausgezeichneten, detailreichen Illustrationen sind hervorzuheben. Das Cover sticht hervor. (2 J)