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From the moment the first towns and cities arose, the struggle for land, resources and power has turned to violence. Almost from the start, maps have been an inseparable part of warfare. Each map in this beautifully designed volume plays a crucial role. While countless campaign strategies have relied on detailed and accurate mapping, entire wars have been fought over the maps themselves, with hopes of redrawing boundaries and redefining nations. This book expertly curates more than 70 historical maps which tell the fascinating story of war: from ancient and medieval warfare to modern day conflicts and beyond

Ancient trade. Catalhöyük and Neolithic trade -- Trade in ancient Egypt -- Greek and Phoenician trade -- Trade in the ancient Near East -- Petra and the frankinscence route -- Roman trade -- The periplus and Rome's eastern trade -- Trade in late antiquity -- The amber road -- Medieval trade. Charlemagne and Carolingian trade -- Trade in the Islamic world -- Europe and the world in 1300 -- The Trans-Saharan gold trade -- The Silk Road -- Marco Polo and the Silk Road -- The rise of the maritime republics -- The Venetian trading empire -- Bruges and the cloth trade -- Plagues and pandemics -- The voyages of Zheng He -- Trade in the age of discovery. The joining of the world -- The Portuguese trading empire in Africa -- Circumnavigating the globe -- Ottoman trade in the 16th century -- Aztec trade -- The silver trade -- Pirates and privateers -- Newfoundland and the cod trade -- The Dutch and Manhattan -- The Hudson's Bay Company and the fur trade -- Trade and the birth of the United States -- South America and the Spanish -- The Portuguese and the spice trade -- The Dutch East India Company -- The Portuguese and the Japan trade -- Portugal's China trade -- Sweden, Russia and North European trade in the 16th century -- Trade, revolution and empire (c. 1700-1900). The British in India -- The slave trade -- The sugar trade -- The cotton trade -- The coffee trade -- The China tea trade and the clippers -- The age of steam -- World cities -- Imperialism and trade -- The Erie Canal -- The Suez Canal -- The Panama Canal -- The US Transcontinental Railroad -- The Trans-Siberian Railway -- The Cape to Cairo Railway -- The wool trade -- Refrigeration and the meat trade -- The coal trade -- Trade in the Industrial Age (1900-present). The second industrial revolution -- A smaller world -- Tariffs and trade -- The oil trade -- Electronics and the internet -- Banking and finance -- Tourism and trade -- Trade blocs -- Threats to world trade.

The twentieth century was an age of revolutions. As the pace of social and economic change quickened and the savagery of technological warfare destabilized societies, intolerable pressures were created which exploded into violent political movements. These overthrew long-standing regimes and radically reshaped social orders, beginning with the monarchies in China and Russia, the latter transformed into a communist society which sought to export its revolution abroad. Towards the century's end, the collapse of the Soviet Union fed new movements, which sought to throw off the choking legacy of earlier revolutions that turned out to have merely replaced one form of oppression with another. Revolution examines all the key revolutions of the twentieth century, from the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, through the 1917 October Revolution, which overthrew the Tsarist regime in Russia, to those which accompanied the collapse of the Soviet Union at the century's end. It also encompasses the democratic revolutions that overthrew a string of dictatorships from the 1980s onwards. Following the narrative thread through 18 revolutionary movements and illustrated with contemporary photographs and documents, this is an indispensable guide to a phenomenon that shaped and overshadowed much of the twentieth century

Intro -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. Operational Training and Techniques -- Chapter 2. Organization -- Chapter 3. Spy Operations - The Atom Spies and Penkovsky -- Chapter 4. Active Measures and Subversion -- Chapter 5. Flashpoint Berlin -- Chapter 6. Suspect Agents and Defectors -- Code and Cipher-Breaking Challenge -- Sources.

The Institute of Personnel Management's annual conference at Harrogate each October is attended by about 2,000 personnel practitioners. Although a wide variety of issues are debated over the course of the three‐day conference, one underlying theme throughout many of the sessions was the shift from "industrial relations" to "human resource management." This has implications not only for the personnel function, and its professional members, but also for trade unions, who are increasingly being pushed from the centre stage of employee relations.

WHAT IS LATENT DEMAND AND THE P.I.E.?The concept of latent demand is rather subtle. The term latent typically refers to something that is dormant, not observable, or not yet realized. Demand is the notion of an economic quantity that a target population or market requires under different assumptions of price, quality, and distribution, among other factors. Latent demand, therefore, is commonly defined by economists as the industry earnings of a market when that market becomes accessible and attractive to serve by competing firms. It is a measure, therefore, of potential industry earnin

WHAT IS LATENT DEMAND AND THE P.I.E.?The concept of latent demand is rather subtle. The term latent typically refers to something that is dormant, not observable, or not yet realized. Demand is the notion of an economic quantity that a target population or market requires under different assumptions of price, quality, and distribution, among other factors. Latent demand, therefore, is commonly defined by economists as the industry earnings of a market when that market becomes accessible and attractive to serve by competing firms. It is a measure, therefore, of potential industry earnin

WHAT IS LATENT DEMAND AND THE P.I.E.?The concept of latent demand is rather subtle. The term latent typically refers to something that is dormant, not observable, or not yet realized. Demand is the notion of an economic quantity that a target population or market requires under different assumptions of price, quality, and distribution, among other factors. Latent demand, therefore, is commonly defined by economists as the industry earnings of a market when that market becomes accessible and attractive to serve by competing firms. It is a measure, therefore, of potential industry earnin