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Sexual violence is underreported all over the world. In this article, I argue that democratic backsliding undermines the reporting of sexual violence even further. The author's team conducted in-depth interviews (n = 15) with representatives of civil society organizations, victims' services, clinical practitioners, and child and family welfare in Hungary in 2017 and 2018, in search of organizational and structural causes to why sexual violence remains vastly underreported in the country with the least reported case numbers in Europe. The small but diverse sample helped identify associations between the reporting of sexual violence and repressive, gender-related political decisions such as threatening the existence of civil organizations undertaking victim support roles and providing victim services, a family-centered political narrative, and confining women's roles solely for reproductive purposes. It is not possible to maintain causation since there are other factors interfering the association. Thus, instead of discussing it as a single cause of underreporting sexual violence, I present the Hungarian case to illustrate the consequences of illiberal politics on reporting. Furthermore, utilizing Slovič's risk-benefit model, I argue that recent products of illiberal politics such as politicizing "gender" undermine trust, a precondition of asking for help and providing support for victims of sexual violence.

Sexual violence is underreported all over the world. In this article, I argue that democratic backsliding undermines the reporting of sexual violence even further. The author's team conducted in-depth interviews (n = 15) with representatives of civil society organizations, victims' services, clinical practitioners, and child and family welfare in Hungary in 2017 and 2018, in search of organizational and structural causes to why sexual violence remains vastly underreported in the country with the least reported case numbers in Europe. The small but diverse sample helped identify associations between the reporting of sexual violence and repressive, gender-related political decisions such as threatening the existence of civil organizations undertaking victim support roles and providing victim services, a family-centered political narrative, and confining women's roles solely for reproductive purposes. It is not possible to maintain causation since there are other factors interfering the association. Thus, instead of discussing it as a single cause of underreporting sexual violence, I present the Hungarian case to illustrate the consequences of illiberal politics on reporting. Furthermore, utilizing Slovič's risk-benefit model, I argue that recent products of illiberal politics such as politicizing "gender" undermine trust, a precondition of asking for help and providing support for victims of sexual violence.

While rape historically remains underreported all over the globe, and criminal justice factors contribute to this problem, we investigate unique circumstances that might influence reporting inclinations by Hungarian victims of sexual violence. Among other possible factors, victim-blaming, institutional desensitization, and a lack of trust in the criminal justice system and in the community are discussed. The in-depth interviews (n = 22) with law enforcement and criminal justice professionals conducted in 2018 in Hungary reveal roots of underreporting in the complexities of the criminal justice system: there is a failure to prioritize victims' needs—mental care services, physical and privacy protection—and a focus instead on solely providing legal justice. The further deficits that can be found among professionals' attitudes and behaviors in the courtroom are products of the following: a lack of standardized protocols in addressing the needs of victims; a dearth of technical and evidence-based knowledge and training; a lack of supervision and trauma-informed services to practitioners; high caseloads; a focus on the goal of high conviction rates; not providing open communication toward victims; and a shortage of standardized protocols in dealing with victims.

A társadalom digitalizációja olyan tudományfejlődési folyamatot tesz szükségessé, melyben megerősödik a társadalomtudomány és az adattudomány közötti interdiszciplináris együttműködés. Bár látható, hogy a társadalomkutatók egyre inkább nyitottak a számítógépes társadalomtudomány és a társadalmi számítástechnika módszereinek alkalmazására, a társadalomtudomány és az adattudomány közötti interdiszciplináris együttműködésben megvalósuló, az adatgyűjtési, adatelemzési és disszeminációs módszerek értékelésére és fejlesztésére irányuló projektekre alig találni példát. Feltáró kutatásunkban vegyes módszertant alkalmaztunk: szakértői körben lekérdezett online kérdőívben vizsgáltuk társadalomkutatók és adattudósok különböző kutatási módszerek és eszközök használatára való hajlandóságát, majd interjúk keretében bontottuk ki az innovatív társadalomkutatási módszerekre vonatkozó kutatói attitűdöket. Eredményeink megerősítik az interdiszciplináris együttműködések fontosságát, és felhívják a figyelmet a különböző tudományágak között kommunikálni képes "tolmácsok" szerepének jelentőségére. Emellett a kutatásmódszertani kérdéseken belül kiemelik az adatok érvényességével és megbízhatóságával kapcsolatos aggodalmakat, a nyílt tudomány gyakorlásában, az adatok és a kutatási módszerek megosztásában és a kutatási transzparenciában meghatározva a társadalomtudományok fejlődésének kulcsát.

While rape historically remains underreported all over the globe, and criminal justice factors contribute to this problem, we investigate unique circumstances that might influence reporting inclinations by Hungarian victims of sexual violence. Among other possible factors, victim-blaming, institutional desensitization, and a lack of trust in the criminal justice system and in the community are discussed. The in-depth interviews (n = 22) with law enforcement and criminal justice professionals conducted in 2018 in Hungary reveal roots of underreporting in the complexities of the criminal justice system: there is a failure to prioritize victims needsmental care services, physical and privacy protectionand a focus instead on solely providing legal justice. The further deficits that can be found among professionals attitudes and behaviors in the courtroom are products of the following: a lack of standardized protocols in addressing the needs of victims; a dearth of technical and evidence-based knowledge and training; a lack of supervision and trauma-informed services to practitioners; high caseloads; a focus on the goal of high conviction rates; not providing open communication toward victims; and a shortage of standardized protocols in dealing with victims. ; Published version

The Budapest study conducted in 2009 focuses on the online activities and behaviour of teenagers studying in secondary schools in Budapest, Hungary. The range of risky behaviours includes chatting with strangers online, talking sex with strangers online, and having offline meeting with strangers encountered online. Offline meeting with strangers often led quickly to sexual intercourse. One of the striking outcomes of the research is that a significant proportion of teenagers who had already had a sexual relationship communicated the fact in conversations online. The research showed nevertheless, that double moral standards, responsible for a persons danger-awareness during online communications, is more noticeable among Budapest pupils than among their peers from countries which joined the European Union in and before 2004. Budapest children tend to be more accepting when the stranger they meet online lies about his/her age and aims. They are seemingly less embarrassed when confronted by sexual material online or when someone initiates indecent talk with them. Young people in countries that joined the European Union in and after 2004 are supported less by adults when it comes to issues of online risks. On average, their schools have less awareness-raising, parents are less dangeraware, and they use fewer protective devices at home. This may lead to the fact that Budapest pupils do not usually turn to their parents when confronted by embarrassing online material or requests. This paper includes the core data on Budapest youngsters habits in using the Internet, particularly regarding the issue of facing dangerous content. However, it is to be noted that the definition of dangerous or risky online behaviour or content as adult society addresses it is quite different from how children think of it. When developing any educational program on digital literacy, this should be taken into consideration. ; Published version

The conditions and practices of tertiary prevention in Hungarian prisons do not meet the desired standards regarding treatment requirements for sexual offenders. In line with the criminal law reform in Hungary, a new criminal code has been introduced in the summer of 2013. As a result, the chapter of sexual offenses has been modernized and an improved protection of the underage has been mediated. According to the European and international standards, sex offenders have more rights than in the past and member states must fulfill the requirements by the end of 2013. The practice however, does not predict a smooth way to do that. Financial and attitude-based obstacles can be detected - both among prison staff and the society as well. In a world where politicians collect votes by supporting punitive measures, criminal policy does not advocate for treatment ideology. The overview is based on the Statistics of the National Headquarters of Penalty Enforcement and the findings of an exploratory study carried out in 2011 by the Hungarian National Institute of Criminology (NIC). ; Published (Publication status)