Suchergebnisse

Translating the DCFR and writing the CESL have been extremely complex enterprises, and closely dependent one on the other. The volume takes a pragmatic approach in describing them. Structured in four parts, it sets out the historical and philosophical background of legal translation, and then focuses more narrowly on the legal translation processes adopted in the DCFR and the CESL.

Abstract: Debate in Europe has sought to clarify whether the term 'contractual penalties' could be interpreted, in a system-neutral meaning, as an 'agreed sum to be paid for non-performance' (or 'stipulated payment for non-performance') in order to accommodate common law systems, which have traditionally resisted the notion of penalty as a punitive civil sanction. This article looks at contractual penalties as a standard repertoire of tools used to encourage parties to perform and to deter them from breach of contract, as well as to calculate loss and damages in advance, rather than as a penalty to punish the debtor at fault for breach. Résumé: Le débat en Europe a tenté de clarifier la question de savoir si le terme 'clauses pénales' pourrait être interprété, dans un sens neutre, indépendant de tout système, comme une 'somme convenue due en cas de non-exécution' (ou 'paiement stipulé pour non-exécution') afin d'accommoder les systèmes de common law qui se sont traditionnellement opposés à la notion de pénalité en tant que sanction civile punitive. Cet article considère les clauses pénales comme un répertoire standard d'outils utilisés pour encourager les parties à exécuter leurs obligations et les dissuader de rompre le contrat, ainsi que pour calculer d'avance les pertes et les dommages, plutôt qu'une pénalité visant à punir le débiteur pour rupture de contrat.

Abstract: Italian commentators welcome the promotion of the Europeanization of Private Law through the process of increasing the coherence of EC legislation in the areas of consumer and contract law, although they appear to conclude that the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) and the Acquis Principles (ACQP) fall significantly short of achieving those goals. The stated purpose of the Italian comments is to stimulate critical yet constructive commentaries – at least insofar as the authors' intention is concerned – to be submitted to the project's architects, with a view to contribute to the harmonization of European contract and consumer law. General criticisms concern the scope of application of the two instruments, DCFR and ACQP (often extended without good reasons to B2B contracts) and the 'legislative technique' used in drafting them. Further causes for concern from the point of view of Italian scholars relate to general principles such as good faith, unfairness, reasonableness, or the principle of non-discrimination. As for the specific contents of the DCFR and ACQP, Italian scholars analyse formal requirements, contract formation, non-negotiated terms, withdrawal, performance of obligations, nonperformance and damages.
Résumé: La doctrine italienne approuve le développement d'une européanisation du droit privé, à travers le processus de renforcement de la cohérence de la législation de l'UE dans les domaines du droit de la consommation et du droit des contrats. Elle conclue cependant que le Projet de Cadre Commun de Référence (PCCR) et l'Acquis Communautaire (ACQP) échouent en grande partie dans la poursuite de ces objectifs. Le but énoncé des commentaires italiens est de stimuler des avis critiques mais constructifs – du moins s'agissant de l'intention des auteurs – et de les soumettre aux architectes du projet, afin de contribuer à l'harmonisation du droit européen des contrats et de la consommation. Les critiques générales visent le champ d'application des deux instruments, le PCCR et l'ACQP (souvent étendus, sans bonnes raisons, aux contrats B2B) et la « technique législative » utilisée pour les concevoir. D'autres causes de préoccupation énoncées par les spécialistes italiens concernent des principes généraux tels que la bonne foi, la déloyauté, l'équité ou le principe de non-discrimination. Quant aux contenus spécifiques du PCCR et de l'ACQP, les spécialistes italiens font une analyse des conditions de forme, de la formation des contrats, des termes non-négociés, de la rétractation, de l'exécution des obligations, de l'inexécution et des dommages.

"The first of a series on European Union Law, it provides a detailed overview of the development of a new European Common Law. The authors deal with the transposition of concepts and the problem of translation. Each chapter is accompanied by a bibliography in Italian as well as in English, French and German suggesting further reading in each area."

Questo volume affronta questioni di genere, legate cioè ai mutamenti intercorsi negli ultimi decenni nell'organizzazione sociale e simbolica della sessualità, della riproduzione e della parentela. Quando l'interprete giuridico è chiamato ad applicare norme relative a questioni di genere, la sua precomprensione ha un ruolo cruciale: nel passaggio ermeneutico può tradire una certa posizione ideologica permettendo, ancorché non consapevolmente, a frammenti della sua identità individuale di riaffiorare. Chiamato ad applicare regole giuridiche che attivano emozioni e istinti basilari, deve monitora