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The concept of Nature's Contributions to People coined by the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, IPBES, recognizes the central role that culture plays in defining all links between people and nature. NCP also elevates the role of indigenous and local knowledge in understanding the diversity of relationships between nature and people beyond the dominant instrumental view of natural capital as provider of ecosystem services (Diaz et al., 2018). This can have notable impacts in understanding the design of far reaching conservation and land use practices/activities such as REDD, which was originally conceived with the idea that the most cost-effective way to reduce emissions and conserve and increase carbon stocks in forest, is to provide financial incentives to developing countries directly proportional to their performance in driving down rates of forest loss through a market system. Under REDD frameworks, climate regulation was generally "itemized", considered in isolation from any other contributions of forests to people, in order to facilitate translating such NCP into a commodity for the purpose of market exchange. Soon it was obvious that a broader framing via national policies and national dialogues across stakeholders, including indigenous people, including setting biodiversity and social safeguards, was necessary. New ways of understanding and operationalizing REDD+, beyond commodification, go hand in hand with emphasizing context-specific NCP. This could help conservationists and those interested in climate mitigation rethink their alliances with social scientists and other knowledge holders such indigenous people, and recognize that in so doing can re-equilibrate issues of social equity and political legitimacy viz-a-viz efficiency of incentive schemes, as emphasized by economists. In this way, the risk of crowding out intrinsic motivations for forest conservation by forest communities (Engel, 2016) may be lowered, and the barriers for sustainable land management by local forest users (Sanz et al 2017) reduced. Díaz, S., Pascual, U., Stenseke, M., Martín-López, B., Watson, R.T., Molnár, Z., Hill, R., Chan, K.M., Baste, I.A., Brauman, K.A., Polasky, S., et al. (2018). Assessing nature's contributions to people. Science, 359(6373):270-272 Engel, S., 2016. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 9(1–2), pp.131-177. Sanz , M.J., J. de Vente, J.-L. Chotte, M. Bernoux, G. Kust, I. Ruiz, M. Almagro, J.-A. Alloza, R. Vallejo, V. Castillo, A. Hebel, and M. Akhtar-Schuster. 2017. Sustainable Land Management contribution to successful land-based climate change adaptation and mitigation. A Report of the Science-Policy Interface. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), Bonn, Germany ; peerReviewed

AbstractShifting cultivation is one of the most widely distributed forms of agroforestry in the tropics. This paper assesses the potential of using price policies prompting labour mobility to break the fallow crisis typical of such systems leading to the well‐known vicious circle of land degradation and increased poverty. Given changing environmental conditions and endogeneity of household choices, a numerical bio‐economic model is used, based on data from Mexico, to simulate possible scenarios. Results suggest that reducing staple prices can achieve a win‐win outcome when farmers are not constrained to exit and enter the shifting cultivation system. This provides support for the 'spontaneous reforestation' hypothesis due to out‐migration when the correct economic policies are in place. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552 ; Agricultural landscapes are dynamic environments which change in response to cropping and trade opportunities, available technologies and climatic conditions. In this article, we investigate farmers' vulnerability to climate-related stressors and crop price volatility in rural Navarre, Spain. Specifically, we analyse the extent to which livelihood differences and vulnerability can be partly explained by the development of a large-scale irrigation project promoted by the Spanish and regional governments. Grounded on qualitative and quantitative data gathered across 22 villages, we demonstrate that small-scale diversified farmers appear the most vulnerable and least able to adapt to climate-related stressors and crop price volatility. In contrast, more market-driven, large-scale intensive farmers, who participate in the irrigation project, are the least vulnerable to these stressors. We argue that the irrigation project has increased the short-term adaptive capacity of irrigation adopters while establishing the institutional conditions for the displacement of small-scale farming. Therefore, we suggest that farmers' vulnerability in Navarre can be explained by maladaptive irrigation policies designed to favour large-scale and market-driven agriculture.