Suchergebnisse

CEL NAUKOWY: Celem naukowym niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie charakteru władzy i szacunku do niej w pierwszych wiekach nowożytnej ery.
PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Ponieważ dzisiaj władzy politycznej raczej się nie szanuje, warto się zastanowić nad tym fenomenem, analizując pierwsze wieki chrześcijaństwa i stawiając pytanie: jaki był charakter ówczesnej władzy? Odpowiedzi będziemy szukać, analizując główne nurty myśli teolo‑giczno‑politycznej tamtych czasów.
PROCES WYWODU: Wychodząc od początków ludzkiego istnienia i potrzeby uporządkowania świata z chaosu spowodowanego grzechem, przeanalizowany zostanie charakter władzy pierwszych wieków chrześcijaństwai średniowiecza. Począwszy od Jezusa Chrystusa, naukę św. Pawła, a później trzech wariantów rządów według Euzebiusza z Cezarei, św. Augustyna oraz św. Ambrożego i św. papieża Gelazego I, będziemy dowodzić, iż władza bierze swój początek w Bogu, by później poprzez władzę Kościoła i cesarza zaprowadzać porządek i pokój w świecie.
WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Analiza poglądów schyłku starożytności i średniowiecza dowodzi, iż istniały trzy rodzaje rozumienia władzy: prymat cesarza przy współudziale Kościoła (Euzebiusz z Cezarei), wyrazista wyższość władzy kościelnej nad świecką i pogańską (św. Augustyn) oraz rozdział pomiędzy władzą kościelną i świecką (św. Ambroży i św. papież Gelazy I).
WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Analiza charakteru władzy z pierwszych wieków chrześcijaństwa i średniowiecza dowodzi, iż powszechnie okazywano szacunek zarówno władzy kościelnej, jak i świeckiej, uzasadniając taką postawę jej boską naturą i jednocześnie troską o dobro wspólne. Mądrość, która płynie od chrześcijańskich i średniowiecznych myślicieli, winna być zatem poważnym bodźcem do refleksji nad charakterem i stosunkiem do władzy we współczesnej cywilizacji demokratycznej.

The relationship between religion and the political community formed within the framework of polytheistic systems led to the phenomenon of state religion. We find its first traces in ancient Egypt and Sumer. In Egypt, the pharaohs were considered the incarnation of the god Horus, whose name they took when they embraced the throne. Pharaohs presided over religious ceremonies. They were also responsible for sustaining Maat – a divine world order that guaranteed order, harmony, balance, justice and law. In Sumer, in turn, the city-states had guardian gods, who from among the entire pantheon of deities enjoyed special favors. Sumerian and Akkadian rulers often presided over religious practices. Some of them entered the pantheon of the gods, either after death (Gilgamesh, Sargon the Great), or during their lifetime (Gudea of Lagash, Shulgi of Ur). The Greek city-states also had their gods, whose exceptional cult and worship in a given city were to guarantee the safety and prosperity of the entire community on the part of the divine guardian. State religion also played an important role in ancient Rome. First, it served as an integrating factor for Rome's inhabitants. Second, it strengthened the significance and importance of state institutions. Along with imperial development, the search for more universal religious and political forms, a cult of emperors – both living and dead – developed.

The collapse of the Communist Block that took place at the turn of the 1990 and the IT revolution that accompanied it have resulted in a far-reaching re-evaluation of both the life of individuals and socio-political life. The Western world, seemingly triumphant in the "Cold War", believed that the dispute regarding the relations between an individual and a state had been finally resolved in political, legal and economic dimensions – Francis Fukuyama almost officially declared "the end of history". From now on, the world was to follow the only right path – that of democracy and the free market. The state of war was to be replaced by the state of peaceful and creative competition. Of course, it was admitted that there would be disturbances and local and temporary deviations from the right direction.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all aspects of life – political, economic, religious. It has led to millions of people being infected, a large number of deaths (in early December the number was approaching 1.5 million), severe health consequences for many of those who have survived the disease, and a powerful economic cri‑sis resulting in tens of millions of people around the world losing their jobs. The health care system in most countries has been rocked to its core. Many countries' introduction of measures aimed at preventing the spread of the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2), especially those that limit the ability to move around in the public sphere and call for social distancing and mask wearing, has caused an explosion of social protests, an increased distrust of both the authorities who have introduced various restrictions and the scientists and healthcare workers who have recommended these restrictions, as well as an unprecedented flourishing of various conspiracy theories. Some of these theories go so far as to suggest that the pandemic is a creation or invention of those holding global power, who are now striving for the total and unprecedented enslavement of billions of people and complete control over all aspects of the lives of individuals and societies. These phenomena are felt particularly acutely in democratic states, which are inherently more sensitive to social tensions. For the pandemic has deepened the already existing crisis not only of democratic-liberal institutions, but also of the entire intellectual "spirit" of this socio-political formation. The most spectacular exemplification of this phenomenon are the events surrounding the United States presidential election, which – in the opinion of some experts – may lead to a serious crisis in democratic procedures in the country considered the leader of the free world.

Pandemia Covid-19 wstrząsnęła wszystkimi aspektami naszego życia – politycznymi, ekonomicznymi, religijnymi etc. Miliony zakażonych, ogromna liczba zmarłych (na początku grudnia liczba ta zbliżała się do 1.5 miliona), dotkliwe konsekwencje zdrowotne dla wielu spośród uleczonych, potężny kryzys gospodarczy, owocujący między innymi utratą pracy przez dziesiątki milionów ludzi na całym świecie. Zachwiany został system opieki zdrowotnej w większości państw. Wprowadzenie przez większość państw działań mających na celu przeciwdziałanie rozprzestrzenianiu się choroby wywołanej przez wirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2), zwłaszcza tych, które ograniczają możliwość poruszania się w sferze publicznej i nakazują zachowywanie dystansu społecznego i noszenie masek, wywołało wybuch protestów społecznych, wzrost braku zaufania zarówno do władz wprowadzających różnorodne obostrzenia, jak i do przedstawicieli świata nauki i opieki zdrowotnej sugerujących te ograniczenia, a także niebywały wręcz rozkwit różnorodnych koncepcji spiskowych, sugerujących nawet to, że pandemia jest tworem bądź wymysłem środowisk sprawujących globalną władzę, które dążą do całkowitego i bezprecedensowego w dziejach zniewolenia miliardów ludzi i całkowitego zapanowania nad wszystkimi aspektami życia społeczeństw i jednostek.

Ancient reflection on political power culminated in Greek philosophy and the political and legal thought of the Roman Empire. There is a broad range of literature dedicated to both of these topics. Greek and Roman thought remain a source of inspiration for many philo­sophical and philosophical-political formations. The problems and questions posed by Greek philosophy, regardless of the social and cul­tural conditions in which they were formulated, are the foundation of European culture. Among the most important problems that we inherited from the ancient Greeks is reflection on the essence of po­litical power, reflection on nature in general and the nature of man in particular, as well as on the issue of the political system and the nature of state law. In the context indicated above, Greco-Roman civilization is the birthplace of democratic and republican regimes. However, it is also home to the critique of democracy, which has its source in philosophi­cal reflection on truth and justice. To this day, critical reflection on democracy, understood both as an idea ordering social life and as a specific political system, refers, as its source, to ancient reflection. Heraclitus of Ephesus and Plato are most often cited in this context.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all aspects of life – political, economic, religious. It has led to millions of people being infected, a large number of deaths (in early December the number was approaching 1.5 million), severe health consequences for many of those who have survived the disease, and a powerful economic cri‑sis resulting in tens of millions of people around the world losing their jobs. The health care system in most countries has been rocked to its core. Many countries' introduction of measures aimed at preventing the spread of the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2), especially those that limit the ability to move around in the public sphere and call for social distancing and mask wearing, has caused an explosion of social protests, an increased distrust of both the authorities who have introduced various restrictions and the scientists and healthcare workers who have recommended these restrictions, as well as an unprecedented flourishing of various conspiracy theories. Some of these theories go so far as to suggest that the pandemic is a creation or invention of those holding global power, who are now striving for the total and unprecedented enslavement of billions of people and complete control over all aspects of the lives of individuals and societies. These phenomena are felt particularly acutely in democratic states, which are inherently more sensitive to social tensions. For the pandemic has deepened the already existing crisis not only of democratic-liberal institutions, but also of the entire intellectual "spirit" of this socio-political formation. The most spectacular exemplification of this phenomenon are the events surrounding the United States presidential election, which – in the opinion of some experts – may lead to a serious crisis in democratic procedures in the country considered the leader of the free world. ; The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all aspects of life – political, economic, religious. It has led to millions of people being infected, a large number of deaths (in early December the number was approaching 1.5 million), severe health consequences for many of those who have survived the disease, and a powerful economic cri‑sis resulting in tens of millions of people around the world losing their jobs. The health care system in most countries has been rocked to its core. Many countries' introduction of measures aimed at preventing the spread of the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2), especially those that limit the ability to move around in the public sphere and call for social distancing and mask wearing, has caused an explosion of social protests, an increased distrust of both the authorities who have introduced various restrictions and the scientists and healthcare workers who have recommended these restrictions, as well as an unprecedented flourishing of various conspiracy theories. Some of these theories go so far as to suggest that the pandemic is a creation or invention of those holding global power, who are now striving for the total and unprecedented enslavement of billions of people and complete control over all aspects of the lives of individuals and societies. These phenomena are felt particularly acutely in democratic states, which are inherently more sensitive to social tensions. For the pandemic has deepened the already existing crisis not only of democratic-liberal institutions, but also of the entire intellectual "spirit" of this socio-political formation. The most spectacular exemplification of this phenomenon are the events surrounding the United States presidential election, which – in the opinion of some experts – may lead to a serious crisis in democratic procedures in the country considered the leader of the free world.

"Man is by nature a political animal," states Aristotle in his Politics.This thesis, which the majority of Ancient Greek philosophers wouldagree with (at least those preceding the Hellenistic period), bringswith it important consequences.

The open society needs (…) open educational policy, open-minded teachers, students and parents in order to change education conditions towards a better used capability of the human brain, and the development of abilities of every school agent in fast-changing surrounding and society (Śliwerski, 2017, p. 28 ‑29). Education as a factor in forming social structure (and one of the markers refers to stratification processes) is encompassed in the processes and phenomena in the realms of society, economy, and politics (Gromkowska-Melosik, 2008, p. 20). Each change, including education, can develop into an area of potential conflicts. Public (and scientific) discourses on issues of change will erupt into a battleground for different narratives, different views on educational reality and its functional context. Not only does this dispute touch a pragmatic dimension, but also an axiomatic one. Excerpt from questions concerning the issues of education reform, there are other basic questions: what is the meaning of education in today's world? What are the purposes and objectives of education? Contemporary discourses in education will become a platform for voiced concerns about change, where a new knowledge about education will be produced, and educational resources are confirmed, negated, or reinterpreted.The articles collect in the current volume of "Horyzonty Wychowania" are incorporated into a wide stream of educational studies, are voices to the discussion on contemporary education from a perspective in social and humanistic sciences. We are welcomed to read upon ideas discussed in texts by our Authors.

Lebenseinstellungen und Religiosität von Jugendlichen.

Themen: Einschätzung der Religiosität der eigenen Eltern;
Bedeutsamkeit der Übernahme des religiösen Glaubens durch die Kinder
aus Sicht der Eltern; elterlicher Wunsch der Teilnahme an religiösen
Veranstaltungen; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Einstellung zu Heirat, Taufe und
Begräbnis im kirchlichem Rahmen; eigene Taufe, Konfirmation oder
heilige Kommunion; Mitgliedschaft in einer kirchlichen Organisation;
Selbsteinschätzung als religiös; Häufigkeit des Gebets und der
Meditation; Bibelverständnis; Einstellungen zu Gott, Sinn des Lebens
und Gefühl der Selbstbestimmung (Skala); Einstellungen zum Verhältnis
von Religion und moderner Welt, zu kultureller und religiöser
Diversität, zum Verhältnis der Religionen untereinander (Skala);
Zustimmung zu folgenden Aussagen: Religion als Sicherheit im Leben,
eigene Erfahrung mit Gottesnähe, konkrete Unterstützung durch Gott
erfahren, Glaube als Gefühl der Geborgenheit, Glaube als Beistand in
bestimmten Situationen, Sinnlosigkeit des Lebens ohne den Glauben;
Vorstellungen über den idealen Religionsunterricht (Skala);
Zufriedenheit im Gemeindeleben (Gottesdienste, Gemeindemitglieder,
besondere Aktivitäten, Angebote für den Nachwuchs, Räumlichkeiten und
Ausstattung); Lebensperspektiven (Zukunftspessimismus, eigene
Gegenwartsorientierung, Absicherung im Privatleben, zukünftige
Herausforderungen, strukturierte Lebensplanung, Nostalgie,
Beständigkeit), Wertorientierungen (Autonomie, Menschlichkeit,
Selbstkontrolle bzw. -disziplin, Attraktivität, Modernität,
Authentizität, Familienorientierung und Berufsorientierung),
Wichtigkeit von sozialen Beziehungen (Eltern, Geschwister, Freunde
etc.); Einstellungen zu Politik (Gleichgültigkeit, Distanziertheit,
Entfremdung, Anomie, Privatsphäre, Beständigkeit, Achtsamkeit,
Zukunftschancen der Jugend und Intergenerationen-Konflikt im
politischen Bereich); politische Partizipation; Institutionenvertrauen;
Einstellung zu Ausländern (Skala); psychologische
Selbstcharakterisierung; Einstellungen zu Europa (Skala).

Demographie: Alter (Geburtsjahr); Geschlecht; Schulbildung;
Religionszugehörigkeit.

Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Schultyp; staatliche oder Privatschule;
Land.