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Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 'Peace for Our Time': The European Quest for Peace -- 2 Peace in Christendom? -- 3 Enlightenment, Revolution and the Evaporating Dream of a Perpetual Peace -- 4 Peace during the Concert -- 5 Between Empire, Market and Nation -- 6 The Long War -- 7 Hope and Deception -- 8 Pacification by Division -- 9 Epilogue: The EC's Colonial Empire -- Conclusion: In Search of European Unity -- Notes -- Literature -- Index

Since the 1970s the feminization thesis has become a powerful trope in the rewriting of the social history of Christendom. However, this 'thesis' has triggered some vehement debates, given that men have continued to dominate the churches, and the churches themselves have reacted to the association of religion and femininity, often formulated by their critics, by explicitly focusing their appeal to men. In this book the authors critically reflect upon the use of concepts like feminization and masculinization in relation to Christianity. By presenting case studies that adopt different gendered a

The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. [By] Anthony Carew, Michel Dreyfus, Geert Van Goethem [and] Rebecca Gumbrell-McCormick. Marcel van der Linden (Ed.) [International and Comparative Social History, vol. 3.] Peter Lang, Bern [etc.] 2000. 624 pp. S.fr. 117.00; DM 147.00; S 975.00.

The article argues that the democratic international trade union federations developed a keen interest in European economic co-operation after 1922, at first rejecting economic nationalism and advocating free trade; then, from the late 1920s onwards, stressing the need for an organised European economy. Remarkably, however, when discussing social issues, unions emphasised the national or universal level, as opposed to the regional one.

Introduces a collection exploring how trade unions, & the labor movement in general, are responding to the cultural challenges of European integration. At issue is regional diversity & regionalism, & parallels in how the labor movement copes with regional & ethnic cultural differences with respect to immigration. Further, issues surrounding class consciousness & class struggle have paved the way to accepting a solidarity based on diversity. 29 References. L. A. Hoffman

Evaluates the impact of the regional divide on Belgium's industrial relations. Flanders & Wallonia are internally divergent, & their differing approaches to industrialization influenced the character of their trade unions. Mutual competition, however, has forced the socialist, Christian, & liberal trade unions to act in similar ways. The diverging economies in the late 1990s challenged the traditional division in Belgium between economic & social policies. The Christian Labour Movement, a force for the regionalization of the political system & economic policies, has pulled back on regionalizing industrial relations & social security. The socialist trade union movement also exhibited regional tendencies partly because of Wallonia's faltering economy, but its greatest loyalties have been to interregional solidarity. As national economies in Europe are converging, regional diversities have been reinforced due to the perception that some regional control is necessary. 1 Table, 2 Appendixes, 98 References. L. A. Hoffman

Introduces a collection exploring how trade unions, & the labor movement in general, are responding to the cultural challenges of European integration. At issue is regional diversity & regionalism, & parallels in how the labor movement copes with regional & ethnic cultural differences with respect to immigration. Further, issues surrounding class consciousness & class struggle have paved the way to accepting a solidarity based on diversity. 29 References. L. A. Hoffman