Suchergebnisse

INTRODUCTION: Treatment adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART) is critical in reducing morbidity, mortality, and improving the survival in HIV patients. ART is a life-long commitment, and the variety of factors can influence treatment adherence. We studied the factors affecting treatment adherence in the private sector and public sector outdoor clinic in Ahmedabad, India. The primary objective of this study is to compare the level of adherence and factors that influence adherence to ART in patients attending government run free ART program and private setup. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 8 weeks among HIV-infected patients who were receiving ART from private clinic and free ART center from July 2019 to September 2019. We enrolled all consecutive patients >18 years of age attending both clinics. Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS software version 25.0. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify the factors that were independently associated with adherence to ART. RESULTS: The study enrolled 306 patients, 151 (49.34%) from the outpatient department of private hospital, and 155 (50.65%) from the free ART center. Patients attending private clinics were more likely to have been diagnosed with HIV since ≥10 years compared to free ART center. Higher opportunistic infection rates were found in free ART center (64.51%). Treatment adherence was significantly lower in the patients attending free ART center (P = 0.004). Patients taking concomitant medications for other comorbid conditions (≥4 pills/day) were more likely to exhibit inadequate adherence ([odds ratio] 1.216, 95% confidence interval 1.0171–1.454). Univariate analysis showed that age, education, habits of alcohol, tobacco, number of pills, and duration of disease played a significant role in predicting adherence to ART (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients attending private clinic are surviving longer with HIV diagnosis, have fewer opportunistic infections, and have better treatment adherence compared to free ART ...

Part 1: Theories/ 1. - 1. Realism and US foreign policy - Adam Quinn 3 . - 2. Constructivism, US foreign policy, and counterterrorism - Richard Jackson and Matt Mcdonald 15 . - 3. Neoconservatism in the age of Obama - Robert Singh 29 . - 4. Obama, liberalism and US foreign policy - Timothy J. Lynch 41 . - 5. Marxism and US foreign policy - Doug Stokes and David Maher 53 . - 6. Barack Obama: cosmopolitanism, identity politics, and the decline of Euro-centrism - Mark Ledwidge 67 . - 7. Hegemonic transition and US foreign policy - Nick Kitchen 80 . - Part 2: Non-State Actors 93 . - 8. Parties, polarization, and US foreign policy - Steven Hurst 95 . - 9. Changing minds, changing course: Obama, think tanks, and American foreign policy - Donald Abelson 107 . - 10. Conservative evangelicals, the Tea Party, and US foreign policy - Lee Marsden 120 . - 11. American foreign policy during the Obama administration: insights from the public - Jams M. McCormick 133 . - 12. Corporate elite Networks and US foreign policy: the revolving door and the open door under Obama, Bastiaan Van Apeldoorn and Nana de Graaff 149. - Part 3: New problems, paradigms and policies 163 . - 13. The Obama administration's policy toward Africa - George Klay Kieh, jr 165 . - 14. The offensive turn: US intelligence and the "war on terror" - Mark Phythian and Trevor McCrisken 185 . - 15. Transatlantic relations and US foreign policy, - David Hastings Dunn and Benjamin Zala 197 . - 16. The US pivot to the Asia Pacific - Oliver Turner 219 . - 17. The United States and the Arab spring: now and then in the Middle East - Linda B. Miller 231 . - 18. Obama, Wikileaks, and American power - Inderjeet Parmar 243 . - 19. The United States and the UN: return to the fold? - Craig N. Murphy 258 . - Part 4: A view from practitioners 273. - 20. American power, patterns of rise and decline - Ketan Patel and Christian Hansmeyer 275 . - 21. Presidents' agenda: the decisions that will shape US-China relations - Ketan Pa