Suchergebnisse

ResumenDesde el surgimiento de la asociación entre los sectores público y privado en la década de 1980, ha habido cambios estructurales en la forma como los países financian y proveen infraestructura pública. Aunque aparentemente los gobiernos apoyan esta asociación y en muchos casos ha sido exitoso, en otros ha habido fracasos. Utilizando datos de proyectos en el sector transporte de 72 países de ingreso bajo y medio registrados en la base de datos del Banco Mundial sobre la participación de agentes privados en proyectos de infraestructura, los autores investigaron la influencia de los tres principales factores en el éxito de tales proyectos: la experiencia nacional, la presencia de inversionistas privados y la influencia de la banca multilateral. Los resultados del estudio resaltan la importancia de las bases provistas por la experiencia nacional. No obstante, se destaca que la experiencia nacional microeconómica no es el único elemento determinante, sino son igualmente relevantes las experiencias previas (positivas o negativas) de proyectos de transporte con asociación público-privada. Un interesante hallazgo en el análisis es que la percepción del nivel de corrupción del país y la solidez de su democracia son determinantes sobre el resultado final de los proyectos. Además, la región y el subsector del proyecto de asociación también juegan un importante roll sobre su éxito. ; AbstractSince the emergence of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the 1980s, there has been a structural change in the way countries now finance and provide public infrastructure. Although national governments apparently encourage PPPs, and many have succeeded, some others have failed. Using data from transport sector projects for 72 low- and middle-income countries from the Private Participation in Infrastructure Project Database of the World Bank, we investigate the role of three main factors in the success of these transport PPPs: national experience, the presence of private investors, and the influence of multilateral lenders. The results of the study highlight the importance of the foundation provided by national experience. Not only does national macroeconomic experience appear to have a relevant role, but so also does its past experience (either positive or negative) of transport PPP projects. An interesting finding of the analysis is that the perception of a country's level of corruption and democratic accountability has significant bearing on the final outcome of a PPP project. Also, the region and subsector of the PPP project seem to play an important role in its success.

Although fare evasion is a common problem in transport systems worldwide, the level of fare evasion experienced in Transantiago is considerably higher than the global average. This study aims to identify how social, political, and cultural components may affect levels of fare evasion experienced to complement and broaden the current research lines. A longitudinal econometric analysis is performed to determine the impacts of transport system variables (bus fare, ticket inspection, number of paid zones, and quality), macroeconomic variables (unemployment and informal employment), and socio-political variables (Transantiago and government approval, reference to scandals in the media, and general trust/confidence experimented at social level). Socio-political variables are included under the assumption that a negative perception regarding these variables may hinder the willingness of users to pay the transport fare. Results confirm existence of a positive autoregressive effect, suggesting a contagious effect in behaviour. An increase in level of inspection reduces fare evasion and an increase in bus fares increases fare evasion. New findings of this study include introduction of government approval and confidence/trust towards political and economic institutions and the ruling class as variables with a contrary effect towards fare evasion, i.e. a decrease in government approval and confidence/trust increases fare evasion.

In this paper, we estimate the cost function of bus operators of Transantiago and the Budget balance fare to contribute technically to the discussion on the level of subsidies needed for transit system of Santiago. We estimate the cost function and an aggregate demand model. Our results show that there are economies of density and the budget-balance fare (type Ramsey price) is higher than the actual bus fare, suggesting that subsidies are justified. Nevertheless, we estimate that for the current (December 2011) fare the subsidy should be 40% lower than the one determined by the Government. On the other hand, we estimate that for such level of subsidy the optimal fare should be only 50% of the current fare.