Suchergebnisse

This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation multiple on intake, digestibility, and microbial protein synthesis and, productive performance of grazing system receiving multiple supplementation in the dry season. Twelve Nellore heifers (averaging 214.6 ± 7.3 kg initial BW and 8.0 ± 0.10 months) were distributed to a completely randomized design in two treatments: unsupplemented (only mineral) and; supplemented (1 kg per animal day-1 of multiple supplement). Only the crude protein (CP) intake was increased by supplementation (P < 0.05). In addition, the supplementation increased the digestibility of organic matter (OM), CP, ether extract (EE), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and dietary content of digested OM (DOM) (P < 0.05). The supplementation decreased microbial nitrogen to ingested nitrogen ratio (MICNR) (P < 0.05) and increased the serum urea nitrogen (SUN) concentration and urinary nitrogen excretion (UNE) (P < 0.05) in the animals. Finally, average daily gain (ADG) and final BW (FBW) were not affected by supplementation (P > 0.05). In summary, the provision 1 kg per animal day-1 of multiple supplement for beef heifers in grazing system does not improve productive performance in dry season when there is adequate qualitative and quantitative availability of forage mass. However, provision of supplement increases the total nutrients digestibility and nitrogen statuses in the animals.

This study was undertaken to examine production performance, pasture and milk intakes and nutrient digestibility in heifers supplemented with different levels of energy in a creep-feeding system on Urochloa decumbens Stapf pastures during the rainy-dry transition season. Fifty-one heifers with predominant Nellore genetic composition (average initial age and weight: 120 days and 133.4 ± 3.12 kg) and their respective dams were used in an evaluation of production performance, intake, and diet digestibility. Four treatments were evaluated, namely, MM - mineral mixture; T250 - 0.250 kg of supplement per head per day; T500 - 0.500 kg of supplement per head per day; and T750 - 0.750 kg of supplement per head per day, totaling three groups with 13 animals each and one group with 12 animals. All supplements were balanced to provide 100 g of CP animal-1 day-1. LIPE® and chromium oxide were used as external markers to estimate fecal excretion and individual DM and supplement intakes, respectively, whereas iNDF was used as an internal marker for pasture DM intake. Production performance did not differ between the supplemented and unsupplemented animals. Total DM intake and pasture DM intake were higher in the group supplemented with concentrate, and the same was observed for the digestibility of DM and NDFap consumed by the animals. The average cow milk yield was 5.33 kg/day, with average protein and fat contents of 3.51% and 4.85%, respectively. In conclusion, compared to the use of mineral mixture only, multiple supplementation at different levels containing 100 g of CP does not significantly improve performance in lactating beef heifers grazing on Urochloa decumbens Stapf and supplemented during the rainy-dry transition season.

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of supplementation strategies on intake, digestibility, and performance of Nellore cattle on pasture (Urochloa decumbens) during the rainy-dry transition period. The evaluated strategies were mineral supplementation (MS), self-feed supplementation (SF), and infrequent concentrate supplementation. Supplementation frequencies were three times per week (Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays - 3tw) and daily (7tw). Animals receiving concentrate supplementation had higher pasture DM and TDN intakes than those fed MS. There was no difference (P > 0.10) between concentrate supplementation strategies. Average pasture DM intake was 7.89, 8.09, and 8.10 kg day?1 for SF, 3tw, and 7tw, respectively. No effects were found (P > 0.10) between SF and infrequent supplementation, or for the supplementation frequencies tested. The lowest average daily gain (ADG) (P < 0.10) was found for animals fed MS, and there was no difference between concentrate supplementation strategies for this variable. Average daily gains for MS, SC, 3tw, and 7tw were 661.4, 812.7, 811.5 and 819.2 g/animal, respectively. During the rainy-dry transition period, grazing beef cattle receiving concentrate supplementation have higher pasture and TDN intakes and better performance than animals fed mineral supplement only. Self-feed supplementation or supplementation provided three days per week do not compromise pasture and TDN intakes, nutrient digestibility, or performance of grazing beef cattle.

The objective in this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation levels on productive and nutritional performance and metabolic profile in suckling female calves under grazing. Forty female calves (averaging 3.5±0.06 months and 127.3±2.68 kg), and their respective dams were distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments and twenty replicates. The treatments were 1) 4 g kg-1 body weight (BW) of supplement or 2) 6 g kg-1 BW of supplement. Forage and organic matter (OM) intake did not affect (P > 0.05) by levels of supplement, though crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrates intake were greater (P < 0.05) by increasing supplementation level. There was no effect (P > 0.05) the supplementation levels on OM and CP digestibility. The metabolic profile of the animals was not affected (P > 0.05) by supplementation level. Average daily gain, longissimus dorsi area, fat thickness over rump of the animals did not affect (P > 0.05) by levels of supplement. However, there was trend of increasing (P=0.074) in fat thickness over loin by increase the supplementation level. Although the body growth of animals was similar (P > 0.05) between treatments, there was observed a trend of increase (P=0.064) in ratio BW:Height at the withers by increasing supplementation levels. In conclusion, increasing the supplementation level of 4 to 6 g kg-1 of BW, not improve the productive and nutritional performance and metabolic status in female calves under grazing on creep-feeding system.

<p>O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do fornecimento de diferentes quantidades de suplementos múltiplos sobre as características nutricionais e desempenho produtivo de novilhas durante a fase de recria em pastagens com <em>Urochloa decumbens </em>no período de transição seca-águas. Foram utilizadas 24 novilhas com idade e peso médio inicial de 11 meses e 243±3 kg, respectivamente. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Utilizou-se um suplemento com 25% de PB. Os tratamentos consistiam em quatro quantidades de suplementos: 0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 kg respectivamente. Os animais dos diferentes tratamentos receberam mistura mineral <em>ad libitum</em>. Observou-se efeito linear positivo (P&lt;0,10) no GMD e peso corporal final (PCF) com as quantidades de suplementos. Foi verificado efeito linear crescente (P&lt;0,10) no consumo de MS, MO, PB, EE, CNF e NDT com o fornecimento de maiores quantidades de suplemento; efeito não apresentado no consumo de FDNcp. Evidenciou-se efeito cúbico (P&lt;0,10) sobre a digestibilidade aparente da MO, PB, FDNcp, CNF e concentração de NDT entre as quantidades de suplementos múltiplos. As quantidades de suplementos aumentaram (P&lt;0,10) o coeficiente de digestibilidade do EE. Verificou-se comportamento linear crescente (P&lt;0,10) sobre a excreção urinária de nitrogênio uréico (NUU), nitrogênio uréico no soro (NUS) e fluxo de compostos nitrogenados microbianos (NMIC) com as quantidades de suplementos. Não foi observada diferença (P&lt;0,10) das quantidades de suplementação sobre a eficiência de síntese microbiana. As quantidades de suplementos afetaram de forma linear decrescente (P&lt;0,10) o NMICR. Conclui-se que o fornecimento de maiores quantidades de suplementos múltiplos durante a época de transição seca-águas melhora o desempenho produtivo e características nutricionais de novilhas de corte criadas em pastagens.</p>

<p>This study was conducted to evaluate the productive and nutritional performance of suckling calves fed only a mineral mix (MM) or different levels of multiple supplement and the milk yield and nutritional parameters of beef cows on <em>Uruchloa decumbens </em>pastures. Thirty-two suckling calves, with an average age of 3 months and average initial weight of 109.3 ± 0.84 kg, and their respective mothers, with an average initial weight of 447.2 ± 47.1 kg, were used. The experimental design was completely randomized. The supplement contained approximately 25% crude protein (CP), and treatments consisted of the supply of different of multiple supplement levels for the calves. The levels of supply of the supplements were 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% of the body weight for treatments N0.2, N0.4, and N0.6, respectively. The animals from the control treatment (MM) received only an MM <em>ad libitum</em>. The average daily gain (ADG) of the calves was 731.2, 810.6, 822.7, and 895.2 grams for treatments MM, N0.2, N0.4, and N0.6, respectively. Supplemented calves showed greater weight gain. The multiple supplement levels offered to the calves had a positive linear effect (P&lt;0.10) on their ADG. The intakes in kg/ day of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), CP, non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), digestible DM, digestible neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were higher (P&lt;0.10) for animals that received multiple supplements compared with those fed only an MM. The levels of supply of multiple supplements had an increasing linear effect on ether extract (EE) intake, and a quadratic effect was found on DM intake, forage DM, OM, forage OM, CP, NFC, digestible DM, and TDN. The total apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, NDF, NFC, and TDN were higher (P&lt;0.10) for the animals that received multiple supplements. With the levels of supply of multiple supplements, an increasing linear effect was observed on EE digestibility. Calf supplementation did not affect the performance, milk yield, or nutritional parameters of the cows (P&gt;0.10).</p>

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of different supplementation plans on the nutrient intake, apparent total-tract digestibility, grazing behavior, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of beef cattle under grazing conditions from ages 4 to 18 months old. The beef calves grazed Brachiaria decumbens in four seasons: rainy-dry transition, dry, dry-rainy transition, and rainy. Forty-four animals (11 per treatment) were randomly assigned to one of four nutritional plans of supplementation defined by the quantity of supplement offered: control, low, medium, and high supplementation. There was no difference (P > 0.10) in dry matter intake (DMI). However, animals receiving medium and high supplementation had decreased (P < 0.10) forage dry matter intake (FDMI) compared with those under non- and low supplementation. The DMI and FDMI were lower (P < 0.10) in the dry season. During the rainy season, the grazing time decreased (P < 0.10) for animals receiving supplementation compared with non-supplemented ones, but was similar between medium and high supplementation. The performance and carcass characteristics were greater (P < 0.10) for high and medium supplementation compared with low and control. In conclusion, increasing the supplementation plans for beef cattle in tropical pastures increases the nutrient intake but decreases FDMI. The performance also increases with the supplementation plan; however, the growth rate is affected by the grazing season.

<p>Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão em suplementos múltiplos sobre as características nutricionais e desempenho produtivo de novilhas de corte em fase de recria em pastagens de <em>Brachiaria decumbens </em>no período da seca. Foram utilizadas 24 novilhas de corte nelore com idade e peso médio inicial de 8 meses e 210±6 kg, respectivamente. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os suplementos continham aproximadamente 30% de proteína bruta (PB) e substituição progressiva do farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão em 0, 50 e 100%. Aos animais do tratamento controle foi fornecida apenas mistura mineral <em>ad libitum </em>e aos demais tratamentos foram fornecidos 1,0 kg/animal/dia de suplemento. Não houve diferença de GMD entre os animais suplementados e os animais controle (P&gt;0,10). A suplementação aumentou apenas o consumo de proteína bruta (PB) (P&lt;0,10). O nível de substituição de farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão não afetou (P&gt;0,10) o consumo nos animais suplementados. A suplementação ampliou os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (P&lt;0,10) da MO, PB, CFN e NDT com exceção do EE e da FDNcp (P&gt;0,10). Observou-se efeito linear positivo (P&lt;0,10) do nível de substituição de farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão sobre a digestibilidade da MO, CNF e NDT. Houve efeito da suplementação e do nível de substituição (P&lt;0,10) sobre o teor de nitrogênio ureico no soro e nitrogênio ureico na urina. Não houve efeito da suplementação e do nível de substituição sobre o fluxo de nitrogênio microbiano ao intestino (NMIC) e eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana (EFM) (P&gt;0,10). Foi verificado efeito linear decrescente (P&lt;0,10) da substituição sobre a relação nitrogênio microbiano/ nitrogênio ingerido (NMICR). Conclui-se que a substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão em suplementos múltiplos durante a época seca não prejudica o desempenho produtivo de novilhas de corte.</p>

This study assessed the effects of different amounts of supplement on the productive performance, nutrional caracteristics and behaviour of suckling beef calves, as well as on the productive performance of their dams on tropical pastures. Forty-four male Nellore beef calves with an average age of 120 days and an initial average body weight (BW) of 145±3.7 kg and their respective dams, with an average BW of 449±6.9 kg, were used. The amounts of supplement evaluated were as follows: 0 = calves received only mineral mixture ad libitum; 3, 6, and 9 = calves received 3, 6, or 9 g kg-1 BW of supplement, respectively, containing 250 g CP kg-1 (as-fed). The experimental design was completely randomized. A positive linear effect (P < 0.01) was observed in the intakes of dry matter and organic matter, and a cubic effect (P < 0.07) was observed for the intake of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein. There was quadratic effect (P < 0.06) for total digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. A cubic effect (P < 0.01) was observed for the calves' performance. However, the calves' supplementation did not affect the milk yield and performance (P ? 0.21) of their dams. The supplementation decreased grazing time (P < 0.01) but did not influence suckling time (P ? 0.59). It is recommended supplying of supplement containing 250 g CP kg-1 (as-fed) in amount 6 g kg-1 BW to suckling beef calves managed in tropical pasture. Supplementation of suckling beef calves increases the intake of dry matter, decreases grazing time and forage intake. However, it does not affect the suckling time and productive performance of their dams.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with different crude protein contents on the productive performance of grazing beef cows during post-calving. Thirty-six beef cows, with age and average body weight of 5 years and 490±17.9 kg, respectively, were used. The experimental design was completely randomized. The treatments were: control = cows received only mineral mixture ad libitum; supplemented = cows received 1 kg d-1 of supplement containing 80, 200, or 320 g crude protein (CP) kg-1. There was no effect (P ? 0.16) of supplementation on voluntary intake. A linear effect (P < 0.02) of the CP content in the supplements was observed among supplemented cows, only for the CP intake. Supplementation did not affect (P ? 0.20) the total digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, and CP. Among supplemented cows, a positive linear effect (P < 0.01) of the CP content in the supplement was observed for the CP digestibility. Intestinal flow of microbial nitrogen compounds and efficiency of synthesis microbial were not affected (P ? 0.18) by treatments. Performance, milk yield and composition were not also affected (P ? 0.11) by treatments. Supplementation did not affect (P ? 0.52) non-esterified fatty acids, urea nitrogen and progesterone serum concentrations. It is concluded that supplementation of grazing beef cows during post-calving does not affect nutritional and productive performance.

The aim of this study was to determine the energy and protein requirements of crossbred Holstein x Zebu steers fed with or without the supplementation of dicalcium phosphate in the diet. Thirty-two steers with an average initial body weight of 377.5 ± 49.4 kg were used, of which four were initially slaughtered to estimate the empty body weight (EBW) of the animals. Twenty-four steers were fed ad libitum and were distributed in a completely randomized design with two levels of concentrate (30 and 60 %), and diets with or without dicalcium phosphate and four steers were fed at maintenance level, so that the body weight gain was equal to zero. After 84 days the animals were slaughtered. The animal tissues were sampled, and composted by two samples, denominated by "carcass" (bone, muscle and fat) and "non-carcass" (head, limbs, blood, hide, organs and viscera) for determination of the body composition. The net energy requirements (NEm) and metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) were obtained while relating heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI); meanwhile, the net energy requirements for gain (NEg) and the net protein requirements for gain (NPg) were obtained as a function of empty body weight (EBW), empty body gain (EBG) and retained energy (RE) in EBW. The daily net and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance were 76.90 and 119.36 kcal/EBW0.75, respectively. The net energy requirements for gain can be obtained by the following equation: NEg = 0.0568±0.0025 × EBW0.75 × EBG1.095. The efficiencies of use of metabolizable energy for maintenance and gain are 64.4 and 29.68 %, respectively. The metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance are 4.14 g/BW0.75. The net protein requirements for gain can be obtained through the following equation: NPg = 236.36±30.06 × EBG - 19.84±6.14 × RE. We recommend the use of the equations obtained in this experiment to calculate the energy and protein requirements of crossbred Holstein x Zebu steers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different energy sources - corn, sorghum, and wheat bran - on performance, intake, digestibility, and nitrogen utilization efficiency of beef calves subjected to creep feeding. Thirty-four calves (12 males and 22 females) with initial age and weight of four months and 108±3.9 kg, respectively, were used in a randomized-block experimental design with four treatments and two blocks (males and females). Treatments were control (MM), a mineral mixture ad libitum; corn (C); corn + sorghum (C+S); and corn + sorghum + wheat bran (C+S+WB). Supplements contained approximately 20% crude protein (CP), and were fed in the amount of 0.5% of body weight. Supplemented animals had higher performance (P &lt; 0.05) when compared with those on treatment MM. Supplementation increased (P &lt; 0.05) the intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), digestible neutral detergent fiber (dNDF), and digestible organic matter (dOM). The digestibility of NFC was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the supplemented treatments. The C+S and C+S+WB treatments provided increased digestibility (P &lt; 0.05) of OM, CP, and NDFap. The synthesis of nitrogen compounds was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in animals on treatment C as compared with those on the other supplemented treatments. Animals on treatments C+S and C+S+WB had higher (P &lt; 0.05) nitrogen utilization efficiency compared with those on the other treatments. Concentrate supplementation improved the animal performance. The use of other energy sources (sorghum or wheat bran) in association with corn is recommended for suckling calves.