Suchergebnisse

Abstract. Low-intensity transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques are a group of noninvasive brain stimulation approaches, where currents are applied with intensities ranging between 0.4 and 2 mA through the human scalp. The most frequently used tES methods are transcranial direct current (tDCS), alternating current (tACS), and random noise stimulation (tRNS). These methods have been shown to induce changes in cortical excitability and activity during and after the stimulation in a reversible manner. It was observed that while anodal and cathodal tDCS acts on the membrane potentials by depolarizing or hyperpolarizing them, tACS probably modifies cortical oscillations. tRNS, that is a special form of tACS, might act through affecting the signal-to-noise ratio in the brain. Currently, an exponentially increasing number of studies have been published regarding the effects of tES on physiological processes and cognition. The aim of this review is to summarize the basic aspects of tES methods.

Altres ajuts: C.M. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; SFB 894, TRR-219, and Ma 2528/7-1), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Science (BMBF; 01EO1504) and the Corona foundation. J.B. is supported by the DFG (SFB 1118) and the DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) and by the BMBF. M.L. is supported by the DFG (SFB TRR 219M-03). R.B. is supported by the Netherlands Heart Foundation (CVON DOSIS 2014-40, CVON SHE-PREDICTS-HF 2017-21, and CVON RED-CVD 2017-11); and the Innovational Research Incentives Scheme program of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO VIDI, grant 917.13.350). N.M. is supported by the DFG (SFB TRR 219M-03, M-05). H.T. is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health of the US Public Health Service (HL-RO1 061483 and HL-RO1 073162). A.B.G. was supported by grants from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia , Fundació La MARATÓ de TV3 (201502, 201516), CIBER Cardiovascular (CB16/11/00403), and AdvanceCat 2014-2020. H.B. is supported by the DFG (Bu2126/3-1). A.D.C. was supported by 'FIL' funds for research from University of Parma. A.G. was supported by grants from the European Union Commission's FP7 programme (HOMAGE and FIBROTARGETS) and ERA-CVD Joint Transnational Call 2016 LYMIT-DIS. G.R. acknowledges recent funding from The Cunningham Trust, MRC (MR/K012924/1) and the Diabetes UK RW and JM Collins studentship. S.H. received funding from the European Union Commission's Seventh Framework programme (2007-2013) under grant agreement N° 305507 (HOMAGE), N° 602904 (FIBROTARGETS) and N° 602156 (HECATOS). S.H. acknowledges the support from the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Initiative: an initiative with support of the Dutch Heart Foundation, CVON-ARENA-PRIME, CVON-EARLY HFPEF, and SHE-PREDICTS. This research is co-financed as a PPP-allowance Research and Innovation by the Ministry of Economic Affairs within Top Sector Life sciences & Health.