International audience ; The important responsibilities incumbent upon the French State regarding post-mining are organised in a structured manner. The competent arm of central government (France's Ministry of Environment) deals with sovereign functions while other aspects are devolved to regional divisions. The operational aspects have been entrusted to BRGM which has created a special department for the purpose, the DPSM (Mine Safety and Risk Prevention Department). The main duties of this department are: to act as principal agent for safety engineering works; for operations following expropriation; for surveillance of mining facilities under the Mining Code and Environment Code; and for management of the post-mining information system, including management of mining archives and support for mining intelligence.
International audience ; The important responsibilities incumbent upon the French State regarding post-mining are organised in a structured manner. The competent arm of central government (France's Ministry of Environment) deals with sovereign functions while other aspects are devolved to regional divisions. The operational aspects have been entrusted to BRGM which has created a special department for the purpose, the DPSM (Mine Safety and Risk Prevention Department). The main duties of this department are: to act as principal agent for safety engineering works; for operations following expropriation; for surveillance of mining facilities under the Mining Code and Environment Code; and for management of the post-mining information system, including management of mining archives and support for mining intelligence.
Data are available at Dryad Digital Repository: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.ns1rn8psn ; Maintaining the diversity of wild bees is a priority for preserving ecosystem function and promoting stability and productivity of agroecosystems. However, wild bee communities face many threats and beekeeping could be one of them, because honey bees may have a strong potential to outcompete wild pollinators when placed at high densities. Yet, we still know little about how beekeeping intensity affects wild bee diversity and their pollinator interactions. Here, we explore how honey bee density relates to wild bee diversity and the structure of their pollination networks in 41 sites on 13 Cycladic Islands (Greece) with similar landscapes but differing in beekeeping intensity. Our large-scale study shows that increasing honey bee visitation rate had a negative effect on wild bee species richness and abundance, although the latter effect was relatively weak compared to the effect of other landscape variables. Competition for flowering resources (as indicated by a resource sharing index) increased with the abundance of honey bees, but the effect was more moderate for wild bees in family Apidae than for bees in other families, suggesting a stronger niche segregation in Apidae in response to honey bees. Honey bees also influenced the structure of wild bee pollination networks indirectly, through changes in wild bee richness. Low richness of wild bees in sites with high honey bee abundance resulted in wild bee networks with fewer links and lower linkage density. Our results warn against beekeeping intensification in these islands and similar hotspots of bee diversity, and shed light on how benefits to pollination services of introducing honey bees may be counterbalanced by detriments to wild bees and their ecosystem services. ; This research was co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund – ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program 'Education and Lifelong Learning' of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) – Research Funding Program: THALES: POL-AEGIS, Grant number MIS 376737. AL was supported by a Ramón y Cajal (RYC-2015-19034) contract from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, the Spanish State Research Agency, European Social Funds (ESF invests in your future) and the University of the Balearic Islands, and by the project CGL2017-89254-R supported by Feder funds, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the Spanish Research Agency.
