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This paper argues that both socio-economic disadvantage and political factors, such as the West's foreign policy with regard to the Muslim world, along with historical grievances, play a part in the development of Islamic radicalized collective action in Western Europe. We emphasise the role of group identity based individual behaviour in organising collective action within radicalized Muslim groups. Inasmuch as culture plays any role at all in radicalization, it is because individuals feel an imperative to act on the basis of their Muslim identity, something to which different individuals will attach varying degrees of salience, depending on how they place their Muslim identity based actions in the scheme of their multiple identities. We also emphasize the role of the opportunistic politician, from the majority European community, in fomenting hatred for Muslims, which also produces a backlash from radicalized political Islam. We present comparative evidence on socio-economic, political and cultural disadvantage faced by Muslim minorities in five West European countries: Germany, the UK, France, Spain and the Netherlands.

This paper argues that both socio-economic disadvantage and political factors, such as the West's foreign policy with regard to the Muslim world, along with historical grievances, play a part in the development of Islamic radicalized collective action in Western Europe. We emphasise the role of group identity based individual behaviour in organising collective action within radicalized Muslim groups. Inasmuch as culture plays any role at all in radicalization, it is because individuals feel an imperative to act on the basis of their Muslim identity, something to which different individuals will attach varying degrees of salience, depending on how they place their Muslim identity based actions in the scheme of their multiple identities. We also emphasize the role of the opportunistic politician, from the majority European community, in fomenting hatred for Muslims, which also produces a backlash from radicalized political Islam. We present comparative evidence on socio-economic, political and cultural disadvantage faced by Muslim minorities in five West European countries: Germany, the UK, France, Spain and the Netherlands.

Spätestens seit sich europaweit potenzielle terroristische Attentäter aus der zweiten und dritten Migrantengeneration muslimischen Glaubens und jungen Konvertiten rekrutieren, stellt sich die Frage nach einem möglichen Zusammenhang zwischen der Religion dieser Menschen und den daraus in europäischen Gesellschaften schung und Sicherheitspolitik, entstehenden Radikalisierungspotenzialen. Denn mit dem Aufkommen jihadistisch-motivierter terroristischer Gewalt ist das Risiko von Anschlägen mit hohen Opferzahlen und gravierenden Sachschäden stark gestiegen. Außerweltlich orientierte Attentäter nehmen scheinbar weder auf ihre weltlichen Bezugsgruppen noch auf sich selbst Rücksicht – je verheerender der Anschlag, desto größer die vermeintliche Huldigung an den Gott, in dessen Namen der Anschlag verübt wird.