This article revealed the essence of the concept of «property». Investigated value of real estate. The essence of real estate as a separate economic category, during which the disclosed dual nature of its operation, emphasizing its importance and greatly expands the scope of the study. Considered legislative and regulatory documents in Ukraine which disclosed the concept of «immovable». Exposed and systematic approach to the definition of real estate around the world with regard to the legal provision in the regulation of private relations. The study highlights the main features of immovable and determined its physical, economic, social and legal characteristics. Determined lack of communication on integrated management of international real estate market. Specifies that the regulation of the real estate market is separately in each country within its legal system. ; У статті з'ясовано сутність поняття «нерухомість». Досліджено значення об'єктів нерухомого майна. Обґрунтовано сутність нерухомості як окремої економічної категорії, у процесі чого розкрито подвійний характер її функціонування, що підкреслює її значущість і значно розширює сферу дослідження. Розглянутозаконодавчі та нормативні документи України, у яких розкрито зміст поняття «нерухомої речі». Досліджено й систематизовано підходи до визначення об'єктів нерухомості в різних країнах світу з урахуванням їх нормативно-правового забезпечення.
Introduction. In the current conditions of global transformation, the role and importance of regions is growing every year, because the rise of the differentiation of social and economic development is an extraordinary problem, which is extremely negative in the formation of a market economy. Today, the regions are not only becoming active stakeholders of international economic relations, but also are actively involved in the formation of relevant regional economic area, which become the background for the development of the country as a whole. That is why the analysis of terminological bases of social and economic development of the region is a topical issue, the research of which revealed that current economic science contains a huge number of alternative theories, models of growth and development of regions. It is worth noting the basic theories of regional development such as a theory of cumulative development, neoclassical theories, theories of regional growth and modern ones. Theories of regional development are formed on the basis of changes in interregional levels of development through the use of the mechanism of "natural market", according to which the factors of production are moved to those regions where they are paid more. Scientists focused on social, geographical, political indicators of development and logistics (transport) costs. According to the theory of regional growth of J. Borts and J. Stein, the changes taking place in the social and economic life are caused by the rapid development of factors of manufacturing. In the second half of XX century R. Solow, J. Mead, A. Lewis found out that positive growth was directly connected with the labor productivity, which depends on scientific and technological progress and effective management. R. Solow, emphasized that the main task of the theory is to equalize the level of development of highly developed and backward regions by increasing the rate of economic growth where these indicators are most critical [5]. The purpose of the article. It should be noted that in most works of foreign scholars there is no difference between "local" and "regional" development. Researchers usually emphasize that the consideration of "regional" or "local" development should be carried out on an interdisciplinary basis, considering all factors: geographical, economic, urban. The historical interpretation of economic development was narrowed only to the economic space: the basis of this development is an increase in income and employment. In the early 80's of the last century, the nature, quality and sustainability of regional development become the focus in their social, cultural, political, environmental dimensions. Interregional inequalities in welth and living standards call into question traditional economic indicators, as to their adequate reflection of the nature and content of regional development. Thus, economic systems should be human-oriented aimed at development and increasing rates of economic growth. The purpose of the regional economy is to identify and develop the strengths of each region and reduce the negative impact of external factors, so as to create decent living conditions, ensuring jobs, implementing scientifically-based programs of socio-economic development of a particular region (taking into account geographical, political, social characteristics) Results. Thus, the study of the evolution of scientific thought on regional development makes it possible to identify basic theories and concepts and characterize their evolutionary conditionality. It was found that the early theory of stimulating regional development took into account only economic factors, but the process of evolution and cyclicality makes it impossible to study regional competitiveness beyond the social, geographical conditions of a particular region. Most theories and concepts about regional development appeared in the 70s and 90s of the last century. All of them are based on the fact that the achievement of high socio-economic indicators mainly depends on the quality of management, not just on the resource potential. Differing in fundamental approaches, theories and concepts offer different mechanisms of influence on the state of territories, taking into account the location of economic objects, their interaction with the external environment, interaction and partnership at the local level, human potential and others. To some extent, each theory reflects the essence of the current processes of any region at some stage of its development. The vector of scientific research in this area is shifting from the macro level to the macro level. Therefore, our next research will focus on the study of decentralization processes at different regional levels. ; У статті проаналізовано термінологічні основи дослідження соціально-економічного розвитку регіону, виділено найбільш вагомі напрямками регіонального розвитку: неокласичні теорії; теорії кумулятивного росту; теорії регіонального зростання за рахунок конкурентних переваг регіону; сучасні теорії. Дійшли до висновку, що спільними положеннями із досліджених теорій є: модернізація традиційної теорії розміщення виробництва; виділення нового фактора - обсягу ринку; введення просторових чинників як внутрішніх джерел зростання регіонів; визначення каналів зближення відмінностей розвитку регіонів шляхом індустріалізації периферії. Аналіз вищезазначених теорій сприятиме теоретичному обґрунтуванню формування та реалізації ефективної політики та зменшенню диспропорцій між найбіднішими та найбагатшими регіонами. Подальші дослідження будуть спрямовані на концептуалізацію моделі сучасного регіонального розвитку в умовах децентралізації.
Introduction. Competitiveness implies a free choice of suppliers by consumers, absence of barriers to the market of supply and sale. The new European format of the electricity market model creates new challenges and threats to the functioning of electricity market enterprises in terms of transparent and objective conditions for access to consumption and operation of electricity networks, unbiased accelerated development of the electricity market to the dynamics of the economic system. Reforming the electricity market combines the processes of achieving organizational, economic, technical, social, and environmental goals. However, this combination has different consequences and risks associated with minimizing costs. Clarification of long-term goals and objectives requires a comprehensive approach to the analysis of the electricity market in the following areas: the formation of reform priorities, outlining the benefits and risks, assessing the likely risks of the environment. The purpose of the article. The purpose of this article is to determine the most optimal strategy and the most probable risks that may arise in the processes of formation of the electricity market both in the regions of the state and nationwide. Results. One of the most important problems of the system operator in ensuring its independence and mutual respect for all market participants. To this end, the following measures are legally justified: procurement of related services on a competitive basis; transparent information of the available list of related services, their volumes, cost, terms, and requirements to suppliers; formation of accounting for the cost and revenue component in the implementation of the centralization of dispatch management from other activities; formation of access to the capacity of interstate electric networks by conducting electronic auctions; submission of the UES development plan to the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine for consideration even in case of disagreement of the interesting instances. However, strengthening the role of the system operator does not ensure its complete independence from external risks. Liberalization of the electricity market takes into account the availability to the wholesale market of other participants who can directly enter into agreements with generation companies and sell electricity to the retail market. Such participants are usually large industrial consumers. At the same time, the retail market is creating a so-called competitive environment, which is an alternative to the existing "oblenergo". The formation of consumer choice will further affect the price and quality and transparency of competitive relations. Conclusions. The investment component of the region will grow only if the electricity market is reformed. However, the processes of introduction of a new model of the electricity services market are formed in a short time, the introduction and adoption of legislation, the implementation of organizational and structural changes, software testing. Nevertheless, the processes of reforming the electricity services market are an integral attribute of the region's integrated investment policy. ; Охарактеризовано електроенергетичне середовище, яке деформоване монопольними структурами та тотальним контролем по ціноутворенням. Наведено приклад європейської моделі реформування електроенергетичного ринку, що базується на прозорості та доступності споживачів до електроенергетичних послуг. На цій основі з'ясовано цілі та вектори реформування регіональних ринків електроенергетичних послуг. Передбачено, що процес реформування мав би бути здійснений на поєднанні організаційних, економічних, технічних, соціальних та інших цілей. З'ясування переваг та недоліків при реформуванні електроенергетичного ринку регіону та країни відображено в авторській методиці SWOT-аналізу. Запропонований замкнений цикл реформування електроенергетичного ринку, який охоплює взаємозамінне поєднання таких компонент: регіональні електроенергетичні мережі, ринкове середовище, Інформаційне середовище, фінансово-кредитне забезпечення, інтегрування, трудові ресурси, комунікаційні зв'язки. Окреслено вектори подальшого реформування.
The acceleration of energy issues in the economies of different countries is associated with the transportation, extraction, consumption and conversion of energy resources, in particular gas. The Ukrainian gas transportation system is an important part of the country's export potential, with its favorable geographic location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. In the article, we will try to analyze whether the gas transportation system for the country is an element of its energy security and one of the decisive components of the national economy. It carries out important functions: the delivery of gas to the Ukrainian market of consumption and transportation through the territory of the country of gas to the countries of Western and Central Europe. At the present stage of development, there are the following main problems of the gas transit system through the Ukrainian GTS: – outdated technology of gas transportation networks; - low level of exploration work for the search of new gas production fields; - a very large dependence on gas imports; – insufficient amount of investments; – in recent years there is a problem of loss of the GTS; – determination of the optimal transit tariff. The status of the transit state of gas gives Ukraine economic and political benefits, as natural gas for many countries of the world is the main product for their fuel and energy complex. The Ukrainian system has proven reliability and transparency. A peculiarity is the fact that the joint operation of trunk pipelines with storage facilities is being carried out. A powerful network of underground gas storage facilities with the largest capacity makes the gas transportation system of Ukraine even more reliable, because in the event of a change in weather it is able to provide the necessary volumes of gas to the consumer countries. The development of Ukraine's cooperation in the energy sector with other countries is an important driving force of the national economy. The following factors hinder cooperation: – political problems with the main supplier of gas; - uncertainty and low level of communication with foreign-policy systems of international level. However, despite the problems and obstacles, our state is the main transit, and also keeps the total volume of transported gas within its territory within acceptable limits. ; Досліджено основні характеристики газотранспортної системи України, визначено переваги та проблеми експлуатації. Відображено сучасні тенденції та становище на ринку енергоносіїв, адже він став інструментом реалізації інтересів політичної поведінки країн, джерелом міжнародних конфліктів та базою для політичних та економічних змов. Через те, що паливно-енергетичний комплекс країн Європи, учасником якого є Україна, дуже швидко змінюєься, споживачам природного газу запропоновано володіти інформацією та враховувати майбутні та сучасні тенденції. Розробляючи стратегію здійснення енергоефективних робіт, рекомендовано враховувати національні інтереси, потреби в енергетичному паливі в межах раціонального споживання та поділу джерел енергопостачання.
Introduction. The article analyzes the categories of "smart city" and "creative industries" as an innovative vector for the development of the region and obtain social and economic effect. The level of development of this problem is clarified among the theoretical and practical approaches, the experience of the European Union, America in the implementation and implementation of the concept of "smart city" is presented. An excursion of theoretical and methodological tools of the "creative industries" is made and their role in the strategy of development of "smart cities" of the region is outlined. The basic directions of realization of the concept of "smart cities" are defined. The practice of financing the European Union's leading cities in the concept of "smart cities" is explored, in particular for modernization, improvement of energy efficiency of buildings and transport networks, smart energy management and consumption, introduction of a new model of information and communication, development of the service sector. The purpose of the article. The originality of the study is related to the substantiation of theoretical hypotheses regarding the main directions of synthesis of creative industries, as the driving force behind the concept of "smart cities". The results of the analysis will bring Ukrainian cities closer to the European centers of information and cultural industries of the region. The role of prestigious industries in the concept of "smart cities" of Ukraine is considerable, but it can be realized under the following circumstances: psychological perception of cultural and social industries by creative economy measures; theoretical and practical studies of the topic of cultural innovation and "smart cities", which have been presented in literary sources; improving the symbiosis of lawmaking, financial levers, further mechanism for the development of "smart cities" and cultural and creative industries; increase of specialists of creative sphere, sufficiency of information and communication sources, etc., etc. Therefore, in the arena of inter-regional competition, a special place belongs to the concept of creating urban space, innovation, the consumption of creative ideas in the context of forming regions with "smart cities". In scientific articles, there is a growing popularity of the "smart city" category. Today, this expression is associated with the innovative development of the economy, the creation of prerequisites for the transformation of new knowledge in the practical plane of its implementation and ensure economic and social effect. The institutional basis for obtaining the status of smart cities is the social and creative industries, which are the vector of increasing the innovative potential of the city, and with the reduction of social pressure, transforming the appearance of cities and improving the economic and cultural sense of life of citizens. Results. The emergence of major changes in economic spheres of life are bold in nature, periodically favoring various spheres of economy, sociology, culture, urbanization. Changes also affect the creative approach of cities, as centers of economic life in the region and the state as a whole. This, in turn, influences the need to change the spectrum of regional policy, with the priority of attracting human resources solely with creative thinking and practical approaches to its implementation. Therefore, the social and creative industries should be identified in the positions of the main spheres in which they function in the process of reproduction through the circulation: production, distribution, exchange and consumption. Manufacturing, as the primary sphere of the cycle started, implies a combination of intellectual, innovative and social resources. Conclusions. Exchange determines the process of substitution of monetary compensation for intellectualization and realization of previously created creative results and services, distribution means distribution through various ways and channels of sale of goods and services of creative and social enterprise, and at the last stage of the cycle there is a direct consumption of useful services and services. At the same time, despite the fact that the creative industries, along with science and high technology, are the impetus for an innovative economy, the theoretical and practical studies of this problem are, to say the least, poorly understood. Therefore, creative economy, as a new vector of transformation for meso and macroeconomic systems, requires immediate investigation of this issue. ; В статті здійснено аналіз категорій «розумне місто» та «креативні індустрії», як інноваційного вектору розвитку регіону та отримання соціального та економічного ефекту. З'ясовано серед переліку теоретичних та практичних підходів рівень розробки даної проблеми, приведено досвід Європейського Союзу, Америки в імплементації та запровадженні концепції «розумне місто». Здійснено екскурс теоретично-методологічного інструментарію «креативних індустрій» та окреслено їх роль у стратегії розвитку «розумних міст» регіону. Визначено основні напрями реалізації концепції «розумних міст». Досліджено практику фінансування передових міст Європейського Союзу концепції «розумних міст», зокрема на модернізацію, підвищення енергоефективності споруд та транспортно-дорожніх мереж, розумного управління та споживання енергетикою, запровадження нової моделі інформаційно-комунікаційного спілкування, розвиток сфери обслуговування.
