Suchergebnisse

The object of research is microenterprises in Latvia. One of the most problematic places is the constant tightening of fiscal measures in relation to existing and newly created microenterprises. Including the increase since 2017, the rate of turnover tax from 9 to 15% for enterprises with annual turnover of up to 40 thousand EUR. This creates conditions for the closure of a part of microenterprises or the departure of their owners to the informal sector, which is already happening. Taking into account that in Latvia every fifth inhabitant is subject to the risk of poverty (in 2015 – 21.8% of the population), a reduction in the incomes of families that have lost microbusiness can lead to the growth of the poor.The research uses methods of comparative analysis of indicators of state statistics, the Register of Enterprises and other sources, which revealed both positive and negative aspects of microbusiness in Latvia. Particular attention is paid to the activities of microenterprises, which make a significant contribution to the economy of the country. In 2016, microenterprises employed about 248.57 thousand people or more than a third (35.2%) of employees of all Latvian enterprises.The research results show that at least 20% of the able-bodied population is engaged in business in Latvia. Such large share is associated with the arrival of former employees in the microbusiness. However, not all of them are ready to develop their business, which follows from the small amount of tax revenues to the state budget from microenterprises. For many of them, the goal of profit is not a priority, which goes against the established paradigm. However, they provide the livelihoods of their families, which legislators should take into account ; Показано, що віртуалізація не тільки змінила структуру економіки в бік сфери послуг, а й витісняє зі сфери виробництва найманих працівників, змушених переходити в розряд дрібних підприємців. Проведено порівняння підприємств і підприємців в Латвії. Доведено, що основну мету будь-якого підприємництва – отримання прибутку – мікропідприємства не досягають, але забезпечують робочі місця і існування своїх сімей ; Показано, что виртуализация не только изменила структуру экономики в сторону сферы услуг, но и вытесняет из сферы производства наемных работников, вынужденных переходить в разряд мелких предпринимателей. Проведено сравнение предприятий и предпринимателей в Латвии. Доказано, что основной цели любого предпринимательства – получения прибыли – микропредприятия не достигают, но обеспечивают рабочие места и существование своих семей

The object of research is the performance of ports in the East Coast of the Baltic Sea for the period from 1996 to 2016. By comparing the performance of Russian ports and ports in the Baltic States, the trend of significant growth in cargo turnover in the ports of the region is revealed. The aggregate cargo turnover in the ports of Russia and the Baltic States has increased 4.5-fold over the last 20 years. An analysis of the comparative performance of all the ports of the East Coast of the Baltic Sea for 20 years has shown their growing relevance in development of economic and trade relations between the Asian and European regions. Despite a sharp increase in cargo transshipment in the newly constructed Russian ports (24 times in 20 years), the ports of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia still show positive dynamics (twice in 20 years). Contrary to the current opinion on the decrease in the role of ports in the Baltic countries, the article shows the factors of their development, including the participation of Russian capital in the construction of new terminals in the ports of Latvia and Estonia (Riga, Sillamäe), and by attracting cargo from other regions (Lithuania, Klaipeda).All ports of the East Coast of the Baltic Sea Region have development of potential in expanding ties with the rapidly developing Asian region (China, India). The volumes of transit between Europe and Eurasia are constantly growing, and only in the first quarter of this year the supplies from Europe to China grew by 12 %, and from China to Europe – by 7 %, amounting to 62 billion USD and 81 billion USD respectively.An analysis of the Baltic ports is also important in connection with the development of the large and promising Belarusian project «Great Stone», of which the Chinese national logistics company is a partner and which should connect China via Belarus with the German port of Duisburg. Thus, the possibility of organizing multimodal transportation from Germany to China via the Riga port is being considered because of the limited capacity of the Polish and Slovak railways to transport Chinese goods through the Minsk logistics center «Great Stone» to Europe. In this context, the use of the Riga port with a large potential for development of the port territories can significantly strengthen its economic position, and thereby influence the growth of the Latvian economy.The following factors influence the development of transport corridors in the Baltic Sea Region in order of importance: geography, economics, politics, transport infrastructure and new technologies of logistics business. If we talk about the ports of the Baltic countries, then there is a narrowing of geographical plans due to the reorientation of cargo to Russian ports. The economy is influenced by tariff policy. The influence of politics is still great. The most optimistic is the impact of transport infrastructure. ; Показано, что за период 1996–2016 гг., после строительства ряда портов в Ленинградской области (Россия), объемы грузооборота в регионе Восточного побережья Балтийского моря выросли в 4,5 раза, в то время как в странах Балтии примерно в 2 раза. Сделан вывод, что положительная динамика мирового оборота морских грузов позволяет смотреть на будущее всех портов с оптимизмом. ; Показано, что за период 1996–2016 гг., после строительства ряда портов в Ленинградской области (Россия), объемы грузооборота в регионе Восточного побережья Балтийского моря выросли в 4,5 раза, в то время как в странах Балтии примерно в 2 раза. Сделан вывод, что положительная динамика мирового оборота морских грузов позволяет смотреть на будущее всех портов с оптимизмом.

The object of research is microenterprises in Latvia. One of the most problematic places is the constant tightening of fiscal measures in relation to existing and newly created microenterprises. Including the increase since 2017, the rate of turnover tax from 9 to 15% for enterprises with annual turnover of up to 40 thousand EUR. This creates conditions for the closure of a part of microenterprises or the departure of their owners to the informal sector, which is already happening. Taking into account that in Latvia every fifth inhabitant is subject to the risk of poverty (in 2015 – 21.8% of the population), a reduction in the incomes of families that have lost microbusiness can lead to the growth of the poor.The research uses methods of comparative analysis of indicators of state statistics, the Register of Enterprises and other sources, which revealed both positive and negative aspects of microbusiness in Latvia. Particular attention is paid to the activities of microenterprises, which make a significant contribution to the economy of the country. In 2016, microenterprises employed about 248.57 thousand people or more than a third (35.2%) of employees of all Latvian enterprises.The research results show that at least 20% of the able-bodied population is engaged in business in Latvia. Such large share is associated with the arrival of former employees in the microbusiness. However, not all of them are ready to develop their business, which follows from the small amount of tax revenues to the state budget from microenterprises. For many of them, the goal of profit is not a priority, which goes against the established paradigm. However, they provide the livelihoods of their families, which legislators should take into account ; Показано, що віртуалізація не тільки змінила структуру економіки в бік сфери послуг, а й витісняє зі сфери виробництва найманих працівників, змушених переходити в розряд дрібних підприємців. Проведено порівняння підприємств і підприємців в Латвії. Доведено, що основну мету будь-якого підприємництва – отримання прибутку – мікропідприємства не досягають, але забезпечують робочі місця і існування своїх сімей ; Показано, что виртуализация не только изменила структуру экономики в сторону сферы услуг, но и вытесняет из сферы производства наемных работников, вынужденных переходить в разряд мелких предпринимателей. Проведено сравнение предприятий и предпринимателей в Латвии. Доказано, что основной цели любого предпринимательства – получения прибыли – микропредприятия не достигают, но обеспечивают рабочие места и существование своих семей

The object of research is the performance of ports in the East Coast of the Baltic Sea for the period from 1996 to 2016. By comparing the performance of Russian ports and ports in the Baltic States, the trend of significant growth in cargo turnover in the ports of the region is revealed. The aggregate cargo turnover in the ports of Russia and the Baltic States has increased 4.5-fold over the last 20 years. An analysis of the comparative performance of all the ports of the East Coast of the Baltic Sea for 20 years has shown their growing relevance in development of economic and trade relations between the Asian and European regions. Despite a sharp increase in cargo transshipment in the newly constructed Russian ports (24 times in 20 years), the ports of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia still show positive dynamics (twice in 20 years). Contrary to the current opinion on the decrease in the role of ports in the Baltic countries, the article shows the factors of their development, including the participation of Russian capital in the construction of new terminals in the ports of Latvia and Estonia (Riga, Sillamäe), and by attracting cargo from other regions (Lithuania, Klaipeda).All ports of the East Coast of the Baltic Sea Region have development of potential in expanding ties with the rapidly developing Asian region (China, India). The volumes of transit between Europe and Eurasia are constantly growing, and only in the first quarter of this year the supplies from Europe to China grew by 12 %, and from China to Europe – by 7 %, amounting to 62 billion USD and 81 billion USD respectively.An analysis of the Baltic ports is also important in connection with the development of the large and promising Belarusian project «Great Stone», of which the Chinese national logistics company is a partner and which should connect China via Belarus with the German port of Duisburg. Thus, the possibility of organizing multimodal transportation from Germany to China via the Riga port is being considered because of the limited capacity of the Polish and Slovak railways to transport Chinese goods through the Minsk logistics center «Great Stone» to Europe. In this context, the use of the Riga port with a large potential for development of the port territories can significantly strengthen its economic position, and thereby influence the growth of the Latvian economy.The following factors influence the development of transport corridors in the Baltic Sea Region in order of importance: geography, economics, politics, transport infrastructure and new technologies of logistics business. If we talk about the ports of the Baltic countries, then there is a narrowing of geographical plans due to the reorientation of cargo to Russian ports. The economy is influenced by tariff policy. The influence of politics is still great. The most optimistic is the impact of transport infrastructure. ; Показано, что за период 1996–2016 гг., после строительства ряда портов в Ленинградской области (Россия), объемы грузооборота в регионе Восточного побережья Балтийского моря выросли в 4,5 раза, в то время как в странах Балтии примерно в 2 раза. Сделан вывод, что положительная динамика мирового оборота морских грузов позволяет смотреть на будущее всех портов с оптимизмом. ; Показано, что за период 1996–2016 гг., после строительства ряда портов в Ленинградской области (Россия), объемы грузооборота в регионе Восточного побережья Балтийского моря выросли в 4,5 раза, в то время как в странах Балтии примерно в 2 раза. Сделан вывод, что положительная динамика мирового оборота морских грузов позволяет смотреть на будущее всех портов с оптимизмом.

The object of research is the free economic zones in the European Union of different directions with an emphasis on special economic zones. One of the most problematic is the elimination of depressive factors in regions that have lost economic power.Methods of analysis and synthesis, personal observations, analogies and comparisons, and the processing of statistical data are used in research. The results reveal the need to support depressed regions in the EU countries. The example of the city of Jurmala, which after the collapse of the USSR is in a depressed state, the political and economic factors of decline in the field of balneology is revealed.To overcome depressiveness and return the glory of the spa town, it is proposed to create a tourist and recreational zone in Jurmala and the region adjacent to it. Privileges for doing business could be endowed with enterprises focused on the export of health goods and services. The availability of human resources in healthcare and tourism is one of the important positive aspects for the implementation of this proposal. In view of the increased application of legislation related to the organization of special economic zones in Latvia, there are no obstacles to expanding the scope of application in the SEZs. ; Проаналізовано стан вільних економічних зон в Європейському Союзі. На прикладі міста-курорту Юрмали виявлені фактори депресивності, а також сильні і слабкі сторони регіону. Для усунення депресивних факторів, відновлення і розвитку курортно-рекреаційної діяльності, пропонується створити в місті і прилеглих до нього регіонах туристично-рекреаційну зону. ; Проанализировано состояние свободных экономических зон в Европейском Союзе. На примере города-курорта Юрмалы выявлены факторы депрессивности, а также сильные и слабые стороны региона. Для устранения депрессивных факторов, восстановления и развития курортно-рекреационной деятельности, предлагается создать в городе и прилегающим к нему регионам туристско-рекреационную зону.

The object of research is the free economic zones in the European Union of different directions with an emphasis on special economic zones. One of the most problematic is the elimination of depressive factors in regions that have lost economic power.Methods of analysis and synthesis, personal observations, analogies and comparisons, and the processing of statistical data are used in research. The results reveal the need to support depressed regions in the EU countries. The example of the city of Jurmala, which after the collapse of the USSR is in a depressed state, the political and economic factors of decline in the field of balneology is revealed.To overcome depressiveness and return the glory of the spa town, it is proposed to create a tourist and recreational zone in Jurmala and the region adjacent to it. Privileges for doing business could be endowed with enterprises focused on the export of health goods and services. The availability of human resources in healthcare and tourism is one of the important positive aspects for the implementation of this proposal. In view of the increased application of legislation related to the organization of special economic zones in Latvia, there are no obstacles to expanding the scope of application in the SEZs. ; Проаналізовано стан вільних економічних зон в Європейському Союзі. На прикладі міста-курорту Юрмали виявлені фактори депресивності, а також сильні і слабкі сторони регіону. Для усунення депресивних факторів, відновлення і розвитку курортно-рекреаційної діяльності, пропонується створити в місті і прилеглих до нього регіонах туристично-рекреаційну зону. ; Проанализировано состояние свободных экономических зон в Европейском Союзе. На примере города-курорта Юрмалы выявлены факторы депрессивности, а также сильные и слабые стороны региона. Для устранения депрессивных факторов, восстановления и развития курортно-рекреационной деятельности, предлагается создать в городе и прилегающим к нему регионам туристско-рекреационную зону.