Suchergebnisse

[ES] Con las debidas cautelas terminológicas, la interpretación en los servicios públicos es, junto con la bilateral, una de las modalidades de interpretación más antiguas. Desde tiempos bien remotos, los poderes públicos establecidos en zonas fronterizas emplearon mediadores culturales conocedores de idiomas en las relaciones con sus súbditos. Junto a numerosos casos conocidos de intérpretes diplomáticos en las cortes renacentistas y en los reinos árabes del norte de África, existe documentación que demuestra la existencia de distintos oficios relacionados con la traducción e interpretación en la España medieval y en la América colonial. Las fuentes documentales de los siglos XIII a XVII confirman este ejercicio de la mediación lingüística en diversos espacios de la vida pública. Apuntan además a una cierta delimitación del perfil profesional: la legislación aplicable en España y en América reguló en fechas muy tempranas, anteriores a cualquier asociación colegial o gremial, aspectos prácticos como el modo de acceso al oficio, la retribución, el lugar de trabajo o el código de comportamiento, entre otros. ; [EN] Public service and bilateral interpreting are, in broad terms, two of the oldest interpreting modalities. From ancient times, public authorities in frontier areas used bilingual cultural mediators to communicate with their subjects. Besides the many well-documented examples of diplomatic interpreters in Renaissance courts and in the Arab kingdoms of northern Africa, documents in medieval Spain and in colonial America reveal numerous translation- and interpreting-related activities. Records from the 13th to the 17th centuries back up this linguistic mediation exercise in several areas of public life. They also show a trend towards the definition of the interpreters' professional profiles: legislation applicable in Spain and in America regulated practical aspects of admission to the trade, remuneration, workplace, and code of conduct, well before the establishment of professional associations or guilds.

Intro; Acknowledgments; Contents; About the Editors; Chapter 1: Introduction; References; Part I: Ethnohistory of Parlamentos; Chapter 2: Origin of the Spanish-Mapuche Parlamentos: The European Treaty Tradition and Mapuche Institutions of Negotiation; The Other: From Enemy to Negotiator; Spanish Provisions for Negotiation in America: From Requerimiento to Treaty; Spanish Dispositions for Negotiation in Chile and the Origin of the Parlamentos; Mapuche Institutions for Political Negotiation: The Political and Ritual Assemblies; A European or a Mapuche Tradition of Negotiation?; References

Based upon an extensive revision of archival sources as well as of the Annual Reports (Memorias) of Chile's Indian Protectorate (Protectorado de Indígenas), this paper proposes to study the mediators and socio-linguistic mediation practices employed by the institutions responsible for the settlement and relocation of the Mapuche people after their defeat under Chilean occupation forces (1894-1930). These institutions were the Protectorado –agency in charge of the legal defense of the Mapuche– and the Comisión de Radicación –which established the land to which a Mapuche family group could be entitled and drafted the entitlement (Título de Merced). The Protectorado had offices in five provinces south of the Biobío river (Arauco, Malleco, Cautín, Valdivia and Llanquihue), with a staff composed of interpreters, secretaries, engineers, assistants and the protectors themselves, usually lawyers. The Protectorado and the Comisión became the government's judiciary agencies applying the Indian settlement laws and procedures to force the Mapuche population to live in a system akin to reservations (comunidades). They were thus the agencies closest to the indigenous needs and demands during this period. Three characters were key to socio-linguistic mediation required by these agencies: the formal interpreters, officially called "portero-intérprete" as they acted also as janitors, the informal "tinterillos" (pettifoggers) of Mapuche origin, and the "lenguaraces", mediators of mixed origin, a version of the old frontier military interpreters. All of them had a role in the bureaucratic and judiciary processes administered by the State's tutelary regime of occupation. We intend to show that the study of these institutions can shed some light into the practices of linguistic contact, translation, communication and mediation, bilingualism and the eventual imposition of Spanish as the dominant language during the difficult period in which the Mapuche society strove to preserve the rights to their lands confronting the Chilean and ...

Panorama of translation in Chile from a socio-historic perspective that combines translation studies and intellectual history. During the colonial period (16th-19th centuries), due to its geopolitical situation, settlement conditions, and extended wars against the Mapuche indigenous people, Chile's lettered population and production was quite limited. On the other hand, these same conditions make Chile a singular case for studying European-Indigenous diplomacy and linguistic mediation. The Independence process, the influence of revolutionary ideas from France and the United States, liberalism and positivism, literary romanticism, as well as classical culture and the Republican values it implied, constitute another scene in which Chile, like other Hispanic American nations, translated and adapted foreign works to its culture and society throughout the 19th century. As an axis of innovation, translation was situated at the center of the literary system until the end of the 19th century. Certain scholars thus displayed interest in studying the primary autochthonous language, Mapudungun, which gave rise to ethnographic translation and the first manifestations of resistance to these scientific representations, also by means of translation and heterolinguistic practices. As the 20th century progressed, translation shifted to the margins of the literary system, abandoning 19th-century ideals so as to follow the dynamics of different political and social scenarios throughout the rest of the century and into the present.