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Intelligent military systems are already reshaping conflict - from the chaos of battle, with pilotless drones and robot tanks, to the headquarters far from the action, where generals and politicians use technology to weigh up what to do. AI changes how we fight, and even how likely it is that we will. Warbots will be faster, more agile and more deadly than today's crewed weapons. New tactics are already emerging, but much deeper thinking is needed. When will an intelligent machine escalate, and how might you deter it? Can robots predict the future? And what happens to the 'art of war' as machines become creative? An international campaign against 'killer robots' hopes to ban AI from conflict. But the genie is out-autonomous weapons are too useful for states to outlaw. Still, crafting sensible rules for our warbots is possible. This book shows how it might be done.

The evolution of strategists -- Defining strategy as psychology -- Evolutionary strategy -- Strategic heuristics and biases -- Culture meets evolved strategy -- The pen and the sword in ancient Greece -- Clausewitz explores the psychology of strategy -- Nuclear weapons are not psychologically revolutionary -- AI and strategy -- Tactical artificial intelligence arrives -- Artificial general intelligence does strategy -- Conclusion: strategy evolves beyond AI

How do strategists decide what they wish to achieve through war, and how they might accomplish it? And why does their understanding of violence regularly turn out to be wrong? In seeking answers, this book draws on the study of psychology to examine strategic behaviour during the Vietnam War. It explores the ways in which cognitive biases distort our sense of our own agency and our decision-making.

What does modern warfare have in common with our human evolution? In this study, Dr Kenneth Payne argues that there is an important relationship between the two ₆ we have evolved to fight, and traditional hunter-gatherer societies were often violent places. But we also evolved to cooperate and to behave altruistically towards others. Both these evolutionary legacies can help explain how and why liberal societies fight. Payne considers the evidence for warfare in hunter gatherer communities, and explores how a process of 'domestication' some 10,000 years ago led to larger groups of more social and culturally sophisticated humans. He then considers how this uber-sociability is manifest in liberal societies in the modern era, underpinning our sense of empathy and moral values.