Suchergebnisse

El objetivo principal de este artículo es mostrar el valor de una lectura de la filosofía política de Spinoza desde un enfoque republicano. Spinoza incorpora en su teoría política elementos del léxico, conceptos y problemas del republicanismo, retomándolos y transformándolos de acuerdo con los fundamentos metafísicos de su filosofía y con el contexto holandés de su tiempo. Podemos comprender mejor el sentido y el alcance de esa teoría si situamos a Spinoza en el marco de la tradición republicana. Tras una breve caracterización del republicanismo holandés, el artículo muestra cómo están presentes en el Tratado teológico-político y en el Tratado político los temas y conceptos básicos del republicanismo. Se centra sobre todo en el concepto de libertad, clave de la propuesta de una república democrática. ; The main objective of this paper is to show the value of reading Spinoza's political philosophy from a republican point of view. Spinoza's political theory incorporates lexical elements, concepts and problems taken from republicanism, which he transforms according to the metaphysical foundations of his philosophy and the Dutch context of his time. We can understand better the sense and reach of such a theory if we locate Spinoza in the republican tradition. After a brief characterization of Dutch republicanism, the paper shows how the basic themes and concepts of republicanism are present in the Theologico-Political Treatise and the Political Treatise. It focuses, especially, on the concept of freedom, key for the proposal of a democratic republic.

Aunque las tradiciones democrática y republicana están vinculadas histórica y conceptualmente, podemos apreciar la tensión existente entre algunos de sus principios básicos, especialmente entre los de soberanía popular e imperio de la ley. A consecuencia de ella se plantea un problema capital: cómo conjugar el principio democrático de decisión del pueblo con la exigencia de que el gobierno se atenga a normas racionales e imparciales que garanticen los derechos individuales. Este artículo aborda dicha cuestión atendiendo a los debates que surgen en la época de las revoluciones americana y francesa. Tales debates, que relacionan temas como los de soberanía popular y representación, o intereses y virtud cívica, proporcionan puntos de vista que son de interés para la reflexión actual sobre la democracia. ; Although the republican and the democratic traditions are historically and conceptually interrelated, we can identify a particular tension between the basic principles of each of them, namely a discrepancy between the rule of law and people sovereignty. As a consequence, an important trouble emerges around the way of combining the democratic principle of people decision with the requirement that governments follow both rational and impartial norms in order to guarantee individual rights. The article approaches this issue by taking into account the debates emerged at the time of the American and French revolutions respectively. Those debates allow us to combine topics such as people sovereignty and representation, or civic virtues and interests, all of which provide interesting insights to the current reflection on democracy.

Accessibility and equality evaluations have been primarily focused on residential location. However, workplace location might be an equivalent contributor to inequalities in the travel experience and accessibility. Traditionally, transport planning connects high-demand areas with the best-quality and capacity transport infrastructures. Literature supports that employment centers (EC) receive mainly workers in certain middle-to high-income occupations. This condition results in a type of segregation pattern associated with trip destinations and modal choice similar to those reported for the household location. This paper investigates commuting from a different standpoint, emphasizing the need to consider workplace location and employment distribution within cities. We identify five main EC in Bogotá, Colombia, and explore their association with the commuting mode choice of three population groups using mixed logit models. Results indicate that people who work in any EC tend to use more public transport (PT). Nevertheless, the probability of selecting PT differs among groups. Specifically, for low-income commuters, PT represents lower utility than that for middle-income commuters if their job is located in an EC. The fact that the population most likely to be public transport captive does not find this alternative as attractive as the middle-income segment needs further investigation for better policymaking.

Neuromuscular fatigue is defined as a reduction induced by exercise in the maximal voluntary force that a muscle or group of muscles can generate. An accumulation of work or an incomplete force restoration can significantly influence the neuromuscular performance in both the short and long terms. Thus, fatigue management is essential for controlling the training adaptations of athletes and reducing their susceptibility to injury and illness. The main individualized monitoring tools used to describe fatigue are questionnaires and subjective assessments of fatigue, biochemical markers, sprint tests, and vertical jump tests. Among the subjective measures, the rating of the perceived exertion has been widely used because of its simplicity and high validity. In terms of the objective measures, one of the more frequently employed tools by practitioners to assess neuromuscular fatigue is the countermovement jump. Because of its high validity and reliability, it is accepted as the reference standard test in sports, in general, and particularly in team sports. Our review aims to clarify how all these indicators, as well as several devices, can help coaches in different sports contexts to monitor neuromuscular fatigue, and how these procedures should be used to obtain data that can be used to make decisions in complex environments.

Abstract
This article aims to review the scientific production on social interventions (SI) in the field of persons with disabilities (PWD) and their families and to analyze its evaluations. To do so, it starts from the context of the social model of care of the United Nation's Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the sustainable development goals, and the evaluation of SI. The methodology proposes a systematic review of the existing literature on SI with PWD and their evaluation, based on the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (or PRISMA) model, including 19 articles. The results highlight issues such as the scarcity of publications with evaluations, the lack of homogeneity in the evaluation indicators used, the large number of interventions related to intellectual disability, and a large proportion of community interventions. This scoping review assists future research to consider different questions about evaluation indicators and implementation of the social model or social inclusion, among others.

El progresivo envejecimiento de la población incrementa la demanda de políticas y programas de envejecimiento saludable. Aunque existen estudios que contemplan el impacto de esos programas sobre la calidad de vida de los mayores, son escasas las investigaciones que se ocupan de medir la satisfacción con los mismos. Por ello, nuestro objetivo es crear un cuestionario que permita analizar las características y el grado de satisfacción de estos usuarios. Para su diseño, se consideraron las características de las personas mayores, se contó con la asesoría de expertos, y con una muestra piloto inicial para testear el cuestionario planteado. La muestra final quedó conformada en 1641 personas. Los resultados describen a una mujer entre 66 y 75 años, casada, con estudios básicos y que vive acompañada. Además, muestran elevados niveles de satisfacción general para los aspectos relacionados con los docentes y los cursos y algo más ajustados en lo referido a los Centros. Los usuarios valoran especialmente el contexto social y psicológico (ambiente y compañerismo, entre otros) que trascienden a los conocimientos.

Este artículo analiza los componentes fundamentales que configuran el discurso legitimador de la violencia de ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna). Con este objetivo, se construye un sistema de categorías, el cual organiza los procesos psicosociales identificados en investigaciones previas relacionadas con la legitimación de la violencia. A partir del sistema de categorías propuesto, se realiza un análisis de contenido en 21 comunicados de ETA publicados entre 1998 y 2011. El análisis de fiabilidad intraobservador e interobservador muestra una alta estabilidad y replicabilidad de la categorización. Los resultados muestran, en primer lugar, que los componentes exogrupales son predominantes respecto a los endogrupales. Segundo, en la jerarquización, se observa la preminencia de los elementos referidos a la identidad, seguido por frecuencias similares los relacionados con la representación de la violencia y la definición de la situación.

We study the details of preheating in an inflationary scenario in which the standard model Higgs, strongly nonminimally coupled to gravity, plays the role of the inflaton. We find that the Universe does not reheat immediately through perturbative decays, but rather initiates a complex process in which perturbative and nonperturbative effects are mixed. The Higgs condensate starts oscillating around the minimum of its potential, producing W and Z gauge bosons nonperturbatively, due to violation of the so-called adiabaticity condition. However, during each semioscillation, the created gauge bosons partially decay (perturbatively) into fermions. The decay of the gauge bosons prevents the development of parametric resonance, since bosons cannot accumulate significantly at the beginning. However, the energy transferred to the decay products of the bosons is not enough to reheat the Universe, so after about a hundred oscillations, the resonance effects will eventually dominate over the perturbative decays. Around the same time (or slightly earlier), backreaction from the gauge bosons into the Higgs condensate will also start to be significant. Soon afterwards, the Universe is filled with the remnant condensate of the Higgs and a nonthermal distribution of fermions and bosons (those of the standard model), which redshift as radiation and matter, respectively. We compute the distribution of the energy budget among all the species present at the time of backreaction. From there until thermalization, the evolution of the system is highly nonlinear and nonperturbative, and will require a careful study via numerical simulations. ; We would like to thank Geneva University, SISSA-Trieste and MPI-Munich for hospitality during the development of parts of this research. DGF is supported by a FPU contract with Ref. AP2005-1092 and JR by an I3P contract. We also acknowledge financial support from the Madrid Regional Government (CAM) under the program HEPHACOS P-ESP-00346, and the Spanish Research Ministry (MEC) under contract FPA2006-05807. The authors participate in the Consolider-Ingenio 2010 CPAN (CSD2007-00042) and PAU (CSD2007-00060), as well as in the European Union 6th Framework Marie Curie Network "UniverseNet" under contract MRTN-CT-2006-035863. ; Peer reviewed