Suchergebnisse

Rainfall is the key factor to understand soil erosion processes, mechanisms, and rates. Most research was conducted to determine rainfall characteristics and their relationship with soil erosion (erosivity) but there is little information about how atmospheric patterns control soil losses, and this is important to enable sustainable environmental planning and risk prevention. We investigated the temporal and spatial variability of the relationships of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield with atmospheric patterns (weather types, WTs) in the western Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, we analyzed a large database of rainfall events collected between 1985 and 2015 in 46 experimental plots and catchments with the aim to: (i) evaluate seasonal differences in the contribution of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield produced by the WTs; and (ii) to analyze the seasonal efficiency of the different WTs (relation frequency and magnitude) related to rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield. The results indicate two different temporal patterns: the first weather type exhibits (during the cold period: autumn and winter) westerly flows that produce the highest rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield values throughout the territory; the second weather type exhibits easterly flows that predominate during the warm period (spring and summer) and it is located on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the cyclonic situations present high frequency throughout the whole year with a large influence extended around the western Mediterranean basin. Contrary, the anticyclonic situations, despite of its high frequency, do not contribute significantly to the total rainfall, runoff, and sediment (showing the lowest efficiency) because of atmospheric stability that currently characterize this atmospheric pattern. Our approach helps to better understand the relationship of WTs on the seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield with a regional scale based on the large dataset and number of soil erosion experimental stations. ; Spanish Government (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MINECO) and FEDER Projects: CGL2014 52135-C3-3-R, ESP2017-89463-C3-3-R, CGL2014-59946-R, CGL2015-65569-R, CGL2015-64284-C2-2-R, CGL2015-64284-C2-1-R, CGL2016-78075-P, GL2008-02879/BTE, LEDDRA 243857, RECARE-FP7, CGL2017-83866-C3-1-R, and PCIN-2017-061/AEI. Dhais Peña-Angulo received a "Juan de la Cierva" postdoctoral contract (FJCI-2017-33652 Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MEC). Ana Lucia acknowledge the "Brigitte-Schlieben-Lange-Programm". The "Geoenvironmental Processes and Global Change" (E02_17R) was financed by the Aragón Government and the European Social Fund. José Andrés López-Tarazón acknowledges the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of the Economy and Knowledge of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia for supporting the Consolidated Research Group 2014 SGR 645 (RIUS- Fluvial Dynamics Research Group). Artemi Cerdà thank the funding of the OCDE TAD/CRP JA00088807. José Martínez-Fernandez acknowledges the project Unidad de Excelencia CLU-2018-04 co-funded by FEDER and Castilla y León Government. Ane Zabaleta is supported by the Hydro-Environmental Processes consolidated research group (IT1029-16, Basque Government). This paper has the benefit of the Lab and Field Data Pool created within the framework of the COST action CONNECTEUR (ES1306). ; Peer Reviewed ; "Article signat per 78 autors/es: D. Peña-Angulo ,E. Nadal-Romero,J.C. González-Hidalgo ,J. Albaladejo ,V. Andreu ,H. Bahri,S. Bernal ,M. Biddoccu ,R. Bienes ,J. Campo ,M.A. Campo-Bescós ,A. Canatário-Duarte ,Y. Cantón 1,J. Casali ,V. Castillo, E. Cavallo ,A. Cerdà ,P. Cid ,N. Cortesi ,G. Desir, E. Díaz-Pereira,T. Espigares ,J. Estrany ,J. Farguell ,M. Fernández-Raga ,C.S. Ferreira ,V. Ferro, F. Gallart ,R. Giménez ,E. Gimeno ,J.A. Gómez , A. Gómez-Gutiérrez, H. Gómez-Macpherson,O. González-Pelayo,O. Kairis,G.P. Karatzas ,S. Keesstra ,S. Klotz ,C. Kosmas ,N. Lana-Renault,T. Lasanta ,J. Latron ,R. Lázaro ,Y. Le Bissonnais ,C. Le Bouteiller ,F. Licciardello ,J.A. López-Tarazón ,A. Lucía ,V.M. Marín-Moreno, C. Marín ,M.J. Marqués ,J. Martínez-Fernández ,M. Martínez-Mena ,L. Mateos ,N. Mathys ,L. Merino-Martín ,M. Moreno-de las Heras ,N. Moustakas ,J.M. Nicolau ,V. Pampalone , D. Raclot ,M.L. Rodríguez-Blanco ,J. Rodrigo-Comino ,A. Romero-Díaz ,J.D. Ruiz-Sinoga ,J.L. Rubio ,S. Schnabel ,J.M. Senciales-González ,A. Solé-Benet ,E.V. Taguas ,M.T. Taboada-Castro ,M.M. Taboada-Castro ,F. Todisco ,X. Úbeda ,E.A. Varouchakis ,L. Wittenberg ,A. Zabaleta andM. Zorn." ; Postprint (published version)

Rainfall is the key factor to understand soil erosion processes, mechanisms, and rates. Most research was conducted to determine rainfall characteristics and their relationship with soil erosion (erosivity) but there is little information about how atmospheric patterns control soil losses, and this is important to enable sustainable environmental planning and risk prevention. We investigated the temporal and spatial variability of the relationships of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield with atmospheric patterns (weather types, WTs) in the western Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, we analyzed a large database of rainfall events collected between 1985 and 2015 in 46 experimental plots and catchments with the aim to: (i) evaluate seasonal differences in the contribution of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield produced by the WTs; and (ii) to analyze the seasonal efficiency of the different WTs (relation frequency and magnitude) related to rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield. The results indicate two different temporal patterns: the first weather type exhibits (during the cold period: autumn and winter) westerly flows that produce the highest rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield values throughout the territory; the second weather type exhibits easterly flows that predominate during the warm period (spring and summer) and it is located on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the cyclonic situations present high frequency throughout the whole year with a large influence extended around the western Mediterranean basin. Contrary, the anticyclonic situations, despite of its high frequency, do not contribute significantly to the total rainfall, runoff, and sediment (showing the lowest efficiency) because of atmospheric stability that currently characterize this atmospheric pattern. Our approach helps to better understand the relationship of WTs on the seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield with a regional scale based on the large dataset and number of soil erosion experimental stations. ; Spanish Government (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MINECO) and FEDER Projects: CGL2014 52135-C3-3-R, ESP2017-89463-C3-3-R, CGL2014-59946-R, CGL2015-65569-R, CGL2015-64284-C2-2-R, CGL2015-64284-C2-1-R, CGL2016-78075-P, GL2008-02879/BTE, LEDDRA 243857, RECARE-FP7, CGL2017-83866-C3-1-R, and PCIN-2017-061/AEI. Dhais Peña-Angulo received a 'Juan de la Cierva' postdoctoral contract (FJCI-2017-33652 Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MEC). Ana Lucia acknowledge the 'Brigitte-Schlieben-Lange-Programm'. The 'Geoenvironmental Processes and Global Change' (E02_17R) was financed by the Aragón Government and the European Social Fund. José Andrés López-Tarazón acknowledges the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of the Economy and Knowledge of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia for supporting the Consolidated Research Group 2014 SGR 645 (RIUS-Fluvial Dynamics Research Group). Artemi Cerdá thank the funding of the OCDE TAD/CRP JA00088807. José Martínez-Fernández acknowledges the project Unidad de Excelencia CLU-2018-04 co-funded by FEDER and Castilla y León Government. Ane Zabaleta is supported by the Hydro-Environmental Processes consolidated research group (IT1029-16, Basque Government). This paper has the benefit of the Lab and Field Data Pool created within the framework of the COST action CONNECTEUR (ES1306). This research was supported by projects funded by Spanish and FEDER, the 'Brigitte-Schlieben-Lange-Programm'; the Governments of Spanish Autonomous Region of Aragón, Catalonia, Castilla-León and Basque Country. José Andrés López-Tarazón acknowledges the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of the Economy and Knowledge of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia for supporting the Consolidated Research Group 2014 SGR 645 (RIUS-Fluvial Dynamics Research Group). Artemi Cerdá thank the funding of the OCDE TAD/CRP JA00088807. José Martínez-Fernández acknowledges the project Unidad de Excelencia CLU-2018-04 co-funded by FEDER and Castilla y León Government. Ane Zabaleta is supported by the Hydro-Environmental Processes consolidated research group (IT1029-16, Basque Government). This paper has the benefit of the Lab and Field Data Pool created within the framework of the COST action CONNECTEUR (ES1306).

14 Pags.- 5 Figs. Under Creative Commons License CC BY-NC-ND ; The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) is one of the well‐established drought metrics worldwide. It is simply computed using precipitation and atmospheric evaporative demand (AED) data. Although AED is considered a key driver of drought variability worldwide, it could have less impact on drought in specific regions and for particular times as a function of the magnitude of precipitation. Specifically, the influence of the AED might overestimate drought severity during both normal and humid periods, resulting in "false alarms" about drought impacts on physical and human environments. Here, we provided a global characterization of the sensitivity of the SPEI to changes of the AED. Results demonstrate that the contribution of AED to drought severity is largely impacted by the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation. Specifically, the impact of AED on drought severity was more pronounced during periods of low precipitation, compared to wet periods. Interestingly, drought severity in humid regions (as revealed by SPEI) also showed low sensitivity to AED under drier conditions. These results highlight the skill of SPEI in identifying the role of AED in drought evolution, especially in arid and semiarid regions whose climate is characterized typically by low precipitation. This advantage was also evident for humid environments, where SPEI did not overestimate drought severity due to the increased AED. These findings highlight the broader applicability of SPEI to accurately characterize drought severity worldwide. ; This work was supported by the research projects CGL2017‐82216‐R and PCI2019‐103631, financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); CROSSDRO project financed by the AXIS (Assessment of Cross(X)—sectoral climate Impacts and pathways for Sustainable transformation), JPI‐Climate cofunded call of the European Commission and INDECIS which is part of ERA4CS, an ERA‐NET initiated by JPI Climate, and funded by FORMAS (SE), DLR (DE), BMWFW (AT), IFD (DK), MINECO (ES), and ANR (FR) with cofunding by the European Union (Grant 690462). Dhais Peña‐Angulo received a "Juan de la Cierva" postdoctoral contract (FJCI‐2017‐33652 from Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MEC). ; Peer reviewed

International audience ; Drought monitoring is essential to determine, at short time intervals, the main characteristics of drought events, such as their duration, severity, and spatial distribution. To ensure that drought monitoring represents a useful tool for governmental plans aimed at preventing or minimizing drought impacts, up-to-date information must be instantaneously accessible and it must provide high spatial and temporal resolution. This study presents a system that allows the automatic tracking of meteorological droughts in the Spanish territory, based on an open and easy-to-use online platform (https://monitordesequia.csic.es/monitor). This drought monitoring system provides two drought synthetic indices: the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Information is provided on a quasi-weekly basis, in a grid format, with a spatial resolution of 1.1*1.1 km, and with data from 1961 to the present time. This drought monitor is updated based on the real-time information gathered from automatic stations, which in turn requires historic information to identify and track drought events. The drought indices are obtained from data processing (quality control, temporal series reconstruction, homogenisation, interpolation, and validation) using climatic variables (maximum and minimum temperatures, solar radiation, rainfall, dew point, and wind speed) which are provided by the Spanish Meteorology Agency and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Spanish Government. We performed a validation of the drought indices for the whole historical period (1961-2020). This allowed us to observe a strong spatial agreement between the indices obtained with the historical dataset and the indices from the monitoring dataset, especially for mainland Spain and the Balearic Islands (Pearson's r, SPI and SPEI >0.99). The presented real-time drought monitoring system represents a relevant and useful tool that allows for quick and effective actions to prevent and ...

19 Pags.- 5 Figs.- 2 Tabls. © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ; Drought monitoring is essential to determine, at short time intervals, the main characteristics of drought events, such as their duration, severity, and spatial distribution. To ensure that drought monitoring represents a useful tool for governmental plans aimed at preventing or minimizing drought impacts, up-to-date information must be instantaneously accessible and it must provide high spatial and temporal resolution. This study presents a system that allows the automatic tracking of meteorological droughts in the Spanish territory, based on an open and easy-to-use online platform (https://monitordesequia.csic.es/monitor). This drought monitoring system provides two drought synthetic indices: the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Information is provided on a quasi-weekly basis, in a grid format, with a spatial resolution of 1.1*1.1 km, and with data from 1961 to the present time. This drought monitor is updated based on the real-time information gathered from automatic stations, which in turn requires historic information to identify and track drought events. The drought indices are obtained from data processing (quality control, temporal series reconstruction, homogenisation, interpolation, and validation) using climatic variables (maximum and minimum temperatures, solar radiation, rainfall, dew point, and wind speed) which are provided by the Spanish Meteorology Agency and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Spanish Government. We performed a validation of the drought indices for the whole historical period (1961–2020). This allowed us to observe a strong spatial agreement between the indices obtained with the historical dataset and the indices from the monitoring dataset, especially for mainland Spain and the Balearic Islands (Pearson's r, SPI and SPEI >0.99). The presented real-time drought monitoring system represents a relevant and useful tool that allows for quick and effective actions to prevent and mitigate the effects of drought on society and ecosystems. ; This work was supported by projects PCI2019-103631 financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology and FEDER and CROSSDRO project funded by AXIS (Assessment of Cross (X) - sectoral climate Impacts and pathways for Sustainable transformation), JPI-Climate co-funded call of the European Commission. ; Peer reviewed

We present a long-term assessment of precipitation trends in Southwestern Europe (1850-2018) using data from multiple sources, including observations, gridded datasets and global climate model experiments. Contrary to previous investigations based on shorter records, we demonstrate, using new long-term, quality controlled precipitation series, the lack of statistically significant long-term decreasing trends in precipitation for the region. Rather, significant trends were mostly found for shorter periods, highlighting the prevalence of interdecadal and interannual variability at these time-scales. Global climate model outputs from three CMIP experiments are evaluated for periods concurrent with observations. Both the CMIP3 and CMIP5 ensembles show precipitation decline, with only CMIP6 showing agreement with long term trends in observations. However, for both CMIP3 and CMIP5 large interannual and internal variability among ensemble members makes it difficult to identify a trend that is statistically different from observations. Across both observations and models, our results make it difficult to associate any declining trends in precipitation in Southwestern Europe to anthropogenic forcing at this stage. ; This work was supported by the research projects CGL2017-82216-R, CGL2017-83866-C3-3-R and PCI2019-103631, financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER; CROSSDRO project financed by the AXIS (Assessment of Cross(X) - sectoral climate Impacts and pathways for Sustainable transformation), JPI-Climate co-funded call of the European Commission and INDECIS which is part of ERA4CS, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate, and funded by FORMAS (SE), DLR (DE), BMWFW (AT), IFD (DK), MINECO (ES), ANR (FR) with co-funding by the European Union (Grant 690462).

11 Pags.- 1 Tabl.- 4 Figs. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. ; We present a long-term assessment of precipitation trends in Southwestern Europe (1850–2018) using data from multiple sources, including observations, gridded datasets and global climate model experiments. Contrary to previous investigations based on shorter records, we demonstrate, using new long-term, quality controlled precipitation series, the lack of statistically significant long-term decreasing trends in precipitation for the region. Rather, significant trends were mostly found for shorter periods, highlighting the prevalence of interdecadal and interannual variability at these time-scales. Global climate model outputs from three CMIP experiments are evaluated for periods concurrent with observations. Both the CMIP3 and CMIP5 ensembles show precipitation decline, with only CMIP6 showing agreement with long term trends in observations. However, for both CMIP3 and CMIP5 large interannual and internal variability among ensemble members makes it difficult to identify a trend that is statistically different from observations. Across both observations and models, our results make it difficult to associate any declining trends in precipitation in Southwestern Europe to anthropogenic forcing at this stage. ; This work was supported by the research projects CGL2017-82216-R, CGL2017-83866-C3-3-R and PCI2019-103631, financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER; CROSSDRO project financed by the AXIS (Assessment of Cross(X)—sectoral climate Impacts and pathways for Sustainable transformation), JPI-Climate co-funded call of the European Commission and INDECIS which is part of ERA4CS, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate, and funded by FORMAS (SE), DLR (DE), BMWFW (AT), IFD (DK), MINECO (ES), ANR (FR) with co-funding by the European Union (Grant 690462). Dhais Peña-Angulo received a 'Juan de la Cierva' postdoctoral contract (FJCI-2017-33652 Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MEC). Conor Murphy was supported by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency (Grant Nos. 2019-CCRP-MS.60). Marco Turco has received funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the project PREDFIRE (RTI2018-099711-J-I00), which is co-financed with the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/FEDER). ; Peer reviewed