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Despite dramatic increases in collections, child support frequently fails to be the linchpin to family self‐sufficiency that it could be, and many researchers, advocates and policymakers have concluded that future progress in collections will require making the child support system more fair and responsive to its growing poor, never‐married caseload. High on the list of suggested reforms is paying more attention to involving poor fathers in the lives of their children. Since the inception of the child support program in 1975, parenting time and child support have been legally distinct issues and activities pertaining to parenting time have not qualified for the 66 percent of funding that the federal government provides to fund the child support program. As a result, few child support programs address parenting time when they establish or enforce child support orders. Public Law 113–183 (2014) includes a provision to encourage the establishment of safe parenting time arrangements in new child support orders, although the activity is voluntary and no new funding is provided. This article describes the treatment of parenting time in the child support program and the approaches that some states and local jurisdictions have adopted to develop and incorporate parenting time responsibilities with family violence safeguards in new child support orders. This includes the use of standard parenting time schedules, self‐help resources, mediation or facilitation with a neutral third party, and comprehensive programs that attempt to address multiple barriers.
Key Points for the Family Court Community
Parenting time and child support are legally distinct issues and courts typically order child support for parents of children born out‐of‐wedlock without simultaneously ordering parenting time arrangements.
Research shows that addressing parenting time improves parent‐child contact and child support payments and that positive paternal engagement improves child outcomes.
A few state and local child support agencies address parenting time using standard parenting time schedules, self‐help resources for parents, mediation or facilitation with a neutral third‐party; and comprehensive programs that address multiple barriers.
Developing a safe, structured approach to parenting time for the child support population will require coordination among courts, domestic violence programs and child support agencies, and allowing these activities to qualify for federal matching funds.

AbstractDomestic violence is estimated to be a factor in at least one‐half the cases served at court‐based divorce mediation programs, with only about 5 percent excluded because of concerns about safety or power imbalance. This article looks at how mediators and program administrators say they have responded to the criticisms of advocates for victims of domestic violence by developing ways to gauge the capacity to mediate and to modify the mediation process in order to enhance safety. It draws on responses to a national survey of program practices and in‐depth examination of court‐based divorce mediation programs in five settings.

AbstractEmpirical studies come to contradictory conclusions about the dispute resolution forum women can expect to be most equitable in arrangements associated with separation and divorce. Structured telephone interviews were conducted with 302 divorced individuals who not only mediated their separation and divorce issues but also used other methods such as lawyer negotiation, judicial assistance, and autonomous negotiation. Mediation took place in both public and private arenas. Although mediation does not exacerbate the financial woes of women after divorce any more than any of the other dispute resolution techniques, it may not protect women either.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1. War, Citizenship, and the Limits of French Civilization -- 2. The United Nations and the Politics of Health -- 3. Between Colonial Knowledge and International Expertise -- 4. The World Health Organization Comes to Brazzaville -- 5. Family Health, France, and the Future of Africa -- 6. Fighting Illness, Battling Decolonization -- Epilogue -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Acknowledgments -- Index

Abstract: Drawing on a range of case studies from the French and British empires, this article argues that the expansion of global air travel in the second half of the twentieth century was intimately bound up with the decolonization process. These intersections crystallized mid-century as an increasingly diverse group of travelers took to the skies, forcing colonial authorities to reckon with ongoing segregation on the ground. After independence, air travel and tourism offered new states an opportunity to craft national identities and forge transnational solidarities. In certain instances, however, efforts to expand these industries reinforced economic dependence on their former colonizers. Racism, too, continued to shape the experiences of tourists from recently sovereign nations as they made their way through the world using transportation networks that remained deeply embedded in imperial structures.

While the recent "transnational" and "global" turns in history have inspired new approaches to studying the French Revolution and the French Resistance, they have made a surprisingly minor impact on the study of French decolonization. Adopting a global or transnational lens, this special issue argues, can open up new possibilities for broadening our understanding of the collapse of France's global empire in the mid-twentieth century as well as the reverberations of decolonization into the twenty-first.

This article explores the French delegation's approach to debates about colonial oversight and accountability that took place at the Conference on International Organization in San Francisco in 1945, where delegates from fifty nations gathered to draft the United Nations (UN) Charter. Drawing on documents from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the UN, and the American press, it argues that while French officials at home and in the empire were eagerly negotiating a new French Union that would put metropolitan France and the colonies on unprecedently equal footing, French delegates to the San Francisco conference were unwilling to take a stand for these reforms-in-progress. Ultimately, French delegates to the conference lacked confidence that the incipient French Union would stand up to international scrutiny as these delegates worked to establish new international standards for what constituted "self-government."

The effectiveness of responsible fatherhood programs targeting low-income and nonresident fathers: a qualitative meta-synthesis -- Does curriculum matter? A randomized control study of the "developing all dads for manhood and parenting program (DAD MAP)" curriculum -- Factors associated with fatherhood program effectiveness: a randomized controlled trial of TYRO dads -- Engaging fathers in perinatal home visiting: early lessons from a randomized controlled study of dads matter HV -- Evaluation of Key to Kāne, a text-messaging intervention for fathers in Hawaii -- Challenges and opportunities for engaging unmarried parents in court-ordered, online parenting programs -- A mixed methods study of a mother-only program to enhance coparenting relationships -- Fatherhood and coparenting: a study of engaging mothers in paternal involvement interventions -- Engaging mothers in coparenting services with the nonresidential fathers of their children via fatherhood programs: insights into barriers and solutions -- "You gotta make them feel": a study of evidence-informed strategies for addressing domestic violence in fatherhood programs -- Journey of a policy change to include fathers in homeless shelters -- Information classification: general -- estimating the monetary value of fatherhood programs -- Developing father inclusion policy at the state level: a qualitative assessment of enablers and barriers -- What have we learned and where do we go from here?

Few states invest in programs to help nonresident fathers engage in the financial and emotional lives of their children. The present study examines 12 exemplary states that promote, fund, and evaluate nonresident fatherhood engagement through an array of state agencies, policies, and fatherhood programs. Our study finds that states with substantial fatherhood initiatives share some common characteristics, including strong leadership from executives of state human service agencies, funding from the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant and/or child support, multiagency collaborations for service delivery, and documentation of program benefits and return on investment.