Suchergebnisse

The advantages that some military establishments have enjoyed in the remote Arctic region are diminishing. The military secrets of the Arctic Ocean are being progressively uncloaked, as civilian polar research expands into areas previously known only to a few. This study examines the security ramifications of broadened international research into what has been the most inhospitable and exclusive operational area on Earth. Firstly, the study argues that successful military operations in the Arctic depend on extended knowledge about area-specific issues related to e.g. the upper atmosphere and magnetosphere, weather, sea ice, ocean structure and dynamics, seafloor bathymetry and sediments, as well as reliable target detection systems. Secondly, it finds that a number of nations, both Arctic and non-Arctic, have stepped up their polar research in recent years. Secrets once held by a few are now accessible to many through international cooperation, data-sharing and open-access publishing. Finally, the study concludes that knowledge proliferation is likely to level the Arctic battlefield. Lending terms from Mica Endsley's three-level Situation Awareness model, polar research will result in increasingly shared perceptions about the Arctic operational environment, contribute to a more uniform comprehension of the elements, and even enable new actors to project a future state of the Arctic environment.

The advantages that some military establishments have enjoyed in the remote Arctic region are diminishing. The military secrets of the Arctic Ocean are being progressively uncloaked, as civilian polar research expands into areas previously known only to a few. This study examines the security ramifications of broadened international research into what has been the most inhospitable and exclusive operational area on Earth. Firstly, the study argues that successful military operations in the Arctic depend on extended knowledge about area-specific issues related to e.g. the upper atmosphere and magnetosphere, weather, sea ice, ocean structure and dynamics, seafloor bathymetry and sediments, as well as reliable target detection systems. Secondly, it finds that a number of nations, both Arctic and non-Arctic, have stepped up their polar research in recent years. Secrets once held by a few are now accessible to many through international cooperation, data-sharing and open-access publishing. Finally, the study concludes that knowledge proliferation is likely to level the Arctic battlefield. Lending terms from Mica Endsley's three-level Situation Awareness model, polar research will result in increasingly shared perceptions about the Arctic operational environment, contribute to a more uniform comprehension of the elements, and even enable new actors to project a future state of the Arctic environment.

The advantages that some military establishments have enjoyed in the remote Arctic region are diminishing. The military secrets of the Arctic Ocean are being progressively uncloaked, as civilian polar research expands into areas previously known only to a few. This study examines the security ramifications of broadened international research into what has been the most inhospitable and exclusive operational area on Earth. Firstly, the study argues that successful military operations in the Arctic depend on extended knowledge about area-specific issues related to e.g. the upper atmosphere and magnetosphere, weather, sea ice, ocean structure and dynamics, seafloor bathymetry and sediments, as well as reliable target detection systems. Secondly, it finds that a number of nations, both Arctic and non-Arctic, have stepped up their polar research in recent years. Secrets once held by a few are now accessible to many through international cooperation, data-sharing and open-access publishing. Finally, the study concludes that knowledge proliferation is likely to level the Arctic battlefield. Lending terms from Mica Endsley's three-level Situation Awareness model, polar research will result in increasingly shared perceptions about the Arctic operational environment, contribute to a more uniform comprehension of the elements, and even enable new actors to project a future state of the Arctic environment. ; publishedVersion

The large presence of Norwegian citizens in Svalbard has subdued the misperception that Norway's northernmost territory has an international or internationalized legal status. Now this Norwegian presence in the archipelago is about to change. Amid tumbling coal prices, the state-owned mining company Store Norske is shrunk to a minimum, and no current or proposed business in Longyearbyen has the potential to compensate for the loss of Norwegian workers, in part due to their international character and recruitment policies. This study argues that the likely further dilution of Norwegians in Longyearbyen may ultimately fuel misperceptions about the legal status of Svalbard and pose new foreign and security policy challenges to Norway.

The large presence of Norwegian citizens in Svalbard has subdued the misperception that Norway's northernmost territory has an international or internationalized legal status. Now this Norwegian presence in the archipelago is about to change. Amid tumbling coal prices, the state-owned mining company Store Norske is shrunk to a minimum, and no current or proposed business in Longyearbyen has the potential to compensate for the loss of Norwegian workers, in part due to their international character and recruitment policies. This study argues that the likely further dilution of Norwegians in Longyearbyen may ultimately fuel misperceptions about the legal status of Svalbard and pose new foreign and security policy challenges to Norway.

The significant presence of Norwegian citizens in Svalbard has subdued the misperception that Norway's northernmost territory has an international or internationalized legal status. Now this Norwegian presence in the archipelago is about to change. Amid tumbling coal prices, the state- owned mining company Store Norske has shrunk to a minimum, and no current or proposed business in Longyearbyen has the potential to compensate for the loss of Norwegian workers, in part due to their international character and recruitment policies. This study argues that the likely further dilution of Norwegians in Longyearbyen may ultimately fuel misperceptions about the legal status of Svalbard and pose new foreign and security policy challenges to Norway. ; publishedVersion

The papers of the thesis are not available in Munin: 1. Pedersen, Torbjørn (2006): «The Svalbard Continental Shelf Controversy: Legal Disputes and Political Rivalries», Ocean Development & International Law, 37 (3-4): 339-358 (publisher's restrictions - Taylor & Francis). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908320600800960 2. Pedersen, Torbjørn & Tore Henriksen: «Svalbard's Maritime Zones: The End of Legal Uncertainty?» (submitted version). Later published: International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law (2009) 24 (1): 141-161. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180808X353920 3. Pedersen, Torbjørn (2008): «The Constrained Politics of the Svalbard Offshore Area», Marine Policy 32 (6): 913-919. (publisher's restrictions - Elsevier). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2008.01.006 4. Pedersen, Torbjørn (2008): «The Dynamics of Svalbard Diplomacy», Diplomacy & Statecraft 19 (2): 236-262 (publisher's restrictions - Taylor & Francis). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592290802096299 Appendix: Thesis also included a copy of The Svalbard Treaty, which is available in Lovdata ; This dissertation examines processes that induce conflict and order in the maritime areas adjacent to the Svalbard archipelago, where Norway's sovereign rights as coastal state are contested. The first process is the ambiguous causal interplay of international politics and international law: After decades of debate, the parties to it remain reluctant to involve disinterested international third parties to settle their legal differences. Despite the legal character of the dispute, it endures as a political wrangle, as envisaged in a world of Realpolitik . Still, international law is not merely epiphenomenal to politics. International legal rules are cementing Norway's right to establish and exercise jurisdiction in the zones, hence affecting international politics. The cementing effect of law on international relations goes beyond what was intended at the time of its adoption. The second process, the causal exchanges between the international system and a state's foreign policy, is paradoxical: Norway, by its assertive exercise of jurisdiction and diplomatic efforts to muster international support, nourishes systemic conditions it in turn is constrained by. In effect, the policies of Norway cause changes in the international system that affect the policies of Norway. Attracting attention to the Svalbard issue has not improved Norway's systemic conditions as aspired for, but rather spurred a more coordinated opposition against the claimed exclusive rights of Norway in the waters off of the former terra nullius .