Suchergebnisse

Le programme DIVA (Action Publique, Agriculture, Biodiversité), financé par le service de la recherche du ministère en charge de l'écologie, a pour objectif d'apporter des bases scientifiques pour la conception, la mise en œuvre et l'évaluation de politiques régulant les relations entre agriculture et biodiversité. Durant la période 2000-2010, 20 projets de recherche ont été financés en deux phases (DIVA1 et 2). La troisième phase (DIVA3) vient d'être lancée. Cet article synthétise les principaux apports relatifs aux surfaces en herbe et aux systèmes d'élevage concernant 15 des projets. Parmi les principaux enseignements, on peut citer les quelques éléments suivants. DIVA a fait avancer les connaissances dans un nombre significatif de domaines scientifiques et a fourni des éléments techniques et politiques pour construire des solutions. Les cahiers des charges des labels AOP devraient intégrer systématiquement des critères relatifs aux biodiversités ordinaire et patrimoniale ; une réglementation serait nécessaire aux échelles nationale et européenne. Les mesures agri-environnementales (MAE) à obligation de résultat ont démontré leur efficacité pour les prairies et les parcours et pourraient être davantage appliquées sur le territoire national. Seules les MAE ciblées sur un objectif précis (ex. : une espèce ou un groupe d'espèces) sont efficaces, contrairement aux mesures générales de type 1er pilier de la PAC. ; The DIVA programme was funded (in two separate phases, DIVA1 and 2) by the ministry in charge of ecology The objective of this programme is to lay down the scientific background for conceiving, implementing and evaluating policies aimed at regulating agriculture and biodiversity. This article provides a synthesis of the main inputs and knowledge gained from the 15 research projects on grassland management and livestock farming. DIVA has helped improve scientific knowledge and has equally helped provide constructive technical and political solutions. The AOP certification process ought to include criteria relevant to biodiversity, further national and European regulations are also called for Agri-environmental measures (MAE) tied to an obligation of result have already proved effective for grassland and rough pasture, and ought to be implemented on a wider scale. Only MAEs with precise objectives are effective, as opposed to global measures such as the first pillar of the CAP.

The DIVA programme was funded (in two separate phases, DIVA1 and 2) by the ministry in charge of ecology The objective of this programme is to lay down the scientific background for conceiving, implementing and evaluating policies aimed at regulating agriculture and biodiversity. This article provides a synthesis of the main inputs and knowledge gained from the 15 research projects on grassland management and livestock farming. DIVA has helped improve scientific knowledge and has equally helped provide constructive technical and political solutions. The AOP certification process ought to include criteria relevant to biodiversity, further national and European regulations are also called for Agri-environmental measures (MAE) tied to an obligation of result have already proved effective for grassland and rough pasture, and ought to be implemented on a wider scale. Only MAEs with precise objectives are effective, as opposed to global measures such as the first pillar of the CAP. ; Le programme DIVA (Action Publique, Agriculture, Biodiversité), financé par le service de la recherche du ministère en charge de l'écologie, a pour objectif d'apporter des bases scientifiques pour la conception, la mise en œuvre et l'évaluation de politiques régulant les relations entre agriculture et biodiversité. Durant la période 2000-2010, 20 projets de recherche ont été financés en deux phases (DIVA1 et 2). La troisième phase (DIVA3) vient d'être lancée. Cet article synthétise les principaux apports relatifs aux surfaces en herbe et aux systèmes d'élevage concernant 15 des projets. Parmi les principaux enseignements, on peut citer les quelques éléments suivants. DIVA a fait avancer les connaissances dans un nombre significatif de domaines scientifiques et a fourni des éléments techniques et politiques pour construire des solutions. Les cahiers des charges des labels AOP devraient intégrer systématiquement des critères relatifs aux biodiversités ordinaire et patrimoniale ; une réglementation serait nécessaire aux échelles nationale et ...

Les prairies constituent une composante essentielle des systèmes agricoles français et européens. Une analyse exhausitve de leur place y a été conduite dans le cadre du projet FP7 Multisward coordonné par Jean-Louis Peyraud. Au cours des 50 dernières années, la surface de prairies en Europe a baissé d'environ 10 MHa, mais est restée stable par rapport à la SAU. En France, qui présente une situation très contrastée d'une région à l'autre, l'ensemble prairies temportaires – prairies articifielles s'est profondément recomposé avec une très grande part des surfaces actuelles en mélanges et associations, alors que les cultures pures prédominaient en 1960. En Europe, les niveaux de production varient de 1 à 10 du sud Portugal plutôt très sec à l'Allemagne du nord putôt très bien arrosée. Les gains de productivité zootoechnique ont déterminé ces transformations, par ailleurs encouragées par la politique européenne en trois étapes. Les quotas qui ont limité la production laitière en 1984, le découplage entre production et subvention en 1992 et la supression des quotas en 2015. Si la prairie temporaire a pu résister, la prairie permanente a beaucoup perdu au cours de ces évolutions. La prise en compte des systèmes de production animale est essentielle à une analyse de l'impact du changement climatique sur la prairie. ; Grasslands are a key component of French and European agricultural systems. An exhaustive analysis of their position was made in the FP7 Multisward project coordinated by Jean-Louis Peyraud. During the last 50 years, the grassland surface area declined by 10 MHa and remained stable in proportion of the total agricultural area. In France, which exhibits contrasted situations from a region to the other, both temporary and artificial grasslands now are made of species mixtures, whereas they mainly consisted of pure swards in 1960. In Europe, productivity varies from 1 to 10, from south Portugal under drought up to North Germany, rather well watered. Zootechnical productivity gains determined such transformations, also boosted by European policies, in three steps. Quotas, which controlled the milk production after 1984, uncoupling production and subsidies in 1992 and suppression of quotas in 2015. Where temporary grasslands remain a large part of the agricultural area, natural grasslands directly responded and declined under such policies. Any study on the impact of climate change on grasslands needs taking the conditions of animal production into account.

Les prairies permanentes représentent 57 millions d'hectares dont 16,9 millions de landes et parcours ; la prairie temporaire occupe 10 millions ha. Les surfaces en prairie ont fortement régressé depuis 1960, la perte étant estimée à environ 30 % soit plus de 7 millions ha au niveau de l'Europe et 4 millions en France, mais il semble que les surfaces se stabilisent depuis 2003. Les prairies européennes se caractérisent par une grande diversité : couverts semés ou végétation indigène, leur niveau de production est très variable de même que leur répartition entre les différents pays. Elles assurent de nombreux services écosystémiques dont la séquestration de carbone, le maintien de la biodiversité et la qualité des sols et de l'eau. Ces services, de mieux en mieux reconnus par la société, sont progressivement pris en compte par les politiques publiques. ; This text specifies the current status and recent evolution of permanent grassland in Europe and in France, and reviews the main services provided by grassland. Grassland covers over 40 % of European agricultural land. Permanent grassland covers 57 million ha and temporary grassland, 10 million ha. Total grassland acreage dropped significantly between 1960 and 2003. Total loss is estimated at 30 %, which is to say over 7 million ha lost in Europe and 4 million ha lost in France. Grassland in Europe is characterized by a rich biodiversity, sown grassland and indigenous vegetation, its level of production is highly variable, as is its distribution in different countries. This agricultural cover is all the more important because it is multifunctional and has a considerable environmental and social impact. Grassland provides a wide range of ecosystem services (carbon sequestration, protecting biodiversity, preserving soil quality and purifying drinking water.) which are increasingly being recognized and taken into account by public bodies in charge of policy making.

Agriculture in Europe results in the production of food for both the European population and for the export sector. Significant environmental and social problems have emerged with the intensification of European agriculture. These include the loss of biodiversity, the contamination of soils, water, and food with pesticides, and the eutrophication of water bodies. Industrialized agricultural and food systems are also a major contributing factor in the decline of farm numbers, and the high use of antibiotics has led to serious human health problems. In this respect, agroecology can provide insights into important pathways and guide the design, development, and promotion of the transition towards sustainable farming and food systems. An analysis of the major challenges for the amplification of agroecology in Europe was carried out by 310 stakeholders in a World Cafe exercise and 23 sessions and workshops during the Agroecology Europe Forum 2017. The different challenges that were identified can be grouped into seven categories: (1) definition and concepts; (2) education, training, and knowledge sharing; (3) research approach and funding; (4) policies; (5) productivity and practices; (5) food systems and consumer awareness; and (6) co-optation. To address these challenges, the following key actions are recommended: (1) to develop a common understanding of agroecology; (2) to enhance education in agroecology and knowledge exchange; (3) to invest in agroecological research; (4) to develop policies enhancing agroecology; (5) to support new and existing agroecological practices; (6) to transform food systems; and (7) to strengthen communication and alliances. In this paper we present and discuss these recommendations for pathways and actions to develop sustainable agro-food systems in Europe through agroecology.

International audience ; Agriculture in Europe results in the production of food for both the European population and for the export sector. Significant environmental and social problems have emerged with the intensification of European agriculture. These include the loss of biodiversity, the contamination of soils, water, and food with pesticides, and the eutrophication of water bodies. Industrialized agricultural and food systems are also a major contributing factor in the decline of farm numbers, and the high use of antibiotics has led to serious human health problems. In this respect, agroecology can provide insights into important pathways and guide the design, development, and promotion of the transition towards sustainable farming and food systems. An analysis of the major challenges for the amplification of agroecology in Europe was carried out by 310 stakeholders in a World Cafe exercise and 23 sessions and workshops during the Agroecology Europe Forum 2017. The different challenges that were identified can be grouped into seven categories: (1) definition and concepts; (2) education, training, and knowledge sharing; (3) research approach and funding; (4) policies; (5) productivity and practices; (5) food systems and consumer awareness; and (6) co-optation. To address these challenges, the following key actions are recommended: (1) to develop a common understanding of agroecology; (2) to enhance education in agroecology and knowledge exchange; (3) to invest in agroecological research; (4) to develop policies enhancing agroecology; (5) to support new and existing agroecological practices; (6) to transform food systems; and (7) to strengthen communication and alliances. In this paper we present and discuss these recommendations for pathways and actions to develop sustainable agro-food systems in Europe through agroecology.