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▪ Abstract  For a long time anthropology was defined by the exoticism of its subject matter and by the distance, conceived as both cultural and geographic, that separated the researcher from the researched group. This situation has changed. In a few years we may assess the twentieth century as characterized by a long and complex movement, with theoretical and political implications, that replaced the ideal of the radical encounter with alterity with research at home. But "home" will, as always, incorporate many meanings, and anthropology will maintain, in its paradigmatic assumption, a socio-genetic aim toward an appreciation for, and an understanding of, difference. In some cases, difference will be the route to theoretical universalism via comparison; in others, it will surface as a denunciation of exoticism or a denial of its appeal. This review examines different moments and contexts in which an attempt at developing anthropology "at home" became an appropriate quest.

Cet article met en discussion le role du specialiste en sciences sociales au Bresil entre l'universalisme des sciences et le "holisme" de la citoyennete. L'auteur utilise comme reference la pensee de Louis Dumont sur l'ideologie de la communaute internationale des anthropologues. Elle attire l'attention sur le role civique et politique que sont appeles a jouer les specialistes bresiliens en sciences sociales