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3. Karl J. Pelzer (Yale University, USA) mengadakan perbandingan antara sistim monopoli tembakau di Pilipina pada abad XVIII dan XIX dan sistim "cultuurstelsel" di Jawa sesudah 1830. Ada ke- mungkinan pada asalnya bukanlah merupakan sistim. yang "diimport" oleh para penjajah, melainkan suatu sistim tradisionil yang sudah dikenal di Jawa Barat.

The two administrative units of Sumatra with which this paper is concerned are East Sumatra, stretching along the Strait of Malacca, and North Tapanuli, extending from the mountainous interior around Lake Tobe to the Indian Ocean.

The two administrative units of Sumatra with which this paper is concerned are East Sumatra, stretching along the Strait of Malacca, and North Tapanuli, extending from the mountainous interior around Lake Toba to the Indian Ocean.At the beginning of the nineteenth century, East Sumatra and Tapanuli (except for a small number of Indian-Ocean settlements and trading posts in the latter) were completely outside of the political sphere of interest of European powers. The Treaty of London of 1824, however, delineated Malaya as a British sphere of interest and Sumatra as a Dutch sphere. But it was nearly another forty years before the Dutch turned their attention to East Sumatra and North Tapanuli. In the forward movement which then began, planters and Christian missionaries played highly significant and critical roles; in the pioneer decades they were actually either ahead of the flag or were overshadowing the colonial government officials.