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Under the context that entrepreneurial risk in clean energy industry has become increasingly complex, government subsidies are helpful to guide and promote the entrepreneurial companies survival and development. This paper explored the roles of government subsidies, more specifically, in forms of government subsidies beforehand and government subsidies afterwards on the relationship between Ramp;D and entrepreneurial companies growth, particularly in the clean energy industry. To delve deeper into the roles, this paper analysed data from the 2013 and 2014 annual reports of 58 listed companies in clean energy industries in China. By using a moderating effect model, this paper derived following conclusions: (1) Ramp;D investment does not have a lag effect on entrepreneurial companies growth; (2) Government subsidies beforehand have negative moderating effects on the relationship between Ramp;D investment and entrepreneurial companies growth; (3) Government subsidies afterwards have positive moderating effects on the relationship between Ramp;D investment and entrepreneurial companies growth. This paper helped to understand the difference between the functions of government subsidies beforehand and government subsidies afterwards. To some extent, the results can revise prior studies about the function of government subsidies to influence the relationship between Ramp;D and entrepreneurial companies growth. The results will also be helpful for the government to evaluate the performance of government subsidies and design appropriate subsidies strategies. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ; Funding Agencies|Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [2016VI018]

Studies of cleaner production have often focused on two domains: the applications and the effects. An ever-increasing importance of cleaner production is pushing researchers to pay more attention to the formulation and principles of cleaner production policies. However, there is nearly none of the previous research that systematically and comprehensively analyses the development processes of cleaner production policies and exploring their characteristics deeply. The missing study is important in not only contributing to the perfection of cleaner production policies but also influencing the strategic planning of firms. This paper bridges this gap by first presenting a comprehensive study of the development process of cleaner production policies and then exploring their characteristics. We choose China, the biggest developing country and one of the most challenging countries to implement cleaner production, as the main research target and in addition a number of other developed and developing countries for comparisons. To investigate deeper into the characteristics of cleaner production in China, all the major policies and regulations issued by central ministries from 1997 to 2013 have been studied, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the research. By employing T-LAB software with linguistic and statistical content analysis method, this paper derives following conclusions. (1) "audit", "implementation" and "environmental" have the highest correlation coefficients with cleaner production; (2) cleaner production policies focus on four themes: "pilot", "indicator", "people" and "list"; (3) the formulation and implementation of cleaner production policies are endowed with typical characteristics of collaboration; (4) the characteristics of cleaner production policies are typically constraining types that evidently guide and regulate the behaviours of firms. This paper contributes as a general important reference of cleaner production policies for governments and firms especially in developing countries. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ; Funding Agencies|National Natural Science Foundation of China [70902051]; Soft Science Research Program of Hubei Province [2012GDA00303]; International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Projects of Wuhan City [2014030709020311]