Suchergebnisse

Motive and role identity, previously studied as predictors of volunteerism, were examined as correlates of another discretionary prosocial behavior, Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). County employees (181 females, 62 males) completed questionnaires that measured frequency of
OCB, motives for the behavior, and the degree to which the respondents had developed an organizational citizen identity. Motives concerned with the desire to help co-workers and/or the organization proved to be better predictors of OCB than those concerned with the desire for Impression
Management. A citizen role identity also correlated with citizenship behavior but, contrary to expectation, mediated the relationship between OCB and motive only partly. The findings suggest that similar mechanisms are involved in sustaining both volunteerism and OCB.

The reliability and validity of Bem and Allen's technique of measuring cross-situational consistency was investigated. Subjects answered questions concerning consistency in academic behavior and general consistency and filled out Snyder's Self-monitoring Scale twice. Whereas
the test-retest reliability of the Bem and Allen type questions was quite low, the reliability of the Self-monitoring Scale was relatively high. The correlation between self-reports of variability in academic behaviour and actual variability in grades was significant, while the correlation
between self-reports of general consistency and sell-monitoring scores was not. The problem of using a single-item technique to measure consistency was discussed.

The arousal: cost-reward model of bystander intervention developed by Piliavin, Dovidio, Gaertner and Clark in 1981 was tested using a within-subjects "policy capturing" methodology. Four hundred and forty nine participants read 50 scenarios and reported the likelihood they
would offer help. Seventy-six percent of the participants' helping judgments could be reliably described or "captured" with a linear combination of the various costs of helping and costs of not helping specified in the model. In addition, participants were relatively aware
of how the costs affected their helping decisions; although female participants may have been more aware than males. These findings provide additional support for the arousal: cost-reward model and extend understanding of the cognitive algebra that occurs before individuals decide to intervene.

Constructs from the functional analysis and role identity models of volunteerism were combined in a study of activity and tenure among hospice volunteers. The influence of prosocial personality tendencies on sustained volunteer activity was also examined. The findings were most supportive
of a role identity model of sustained volunteerism. Identity and perceived expectations emerged as the strongest predictors of both time spent volunteering and length of service. Initial motives for volunteering showed a weaker than expected relationship with volunteerism. Motives were, however,
correlated with role identity and perceived expectations in an interpretable and theoretically coherent manner. The results provided preliminary support for a conceptual framework that integrates the functional and identity approaches to understanding long-term volunteers.

In the first of two studies, male undergraduates were either angered or not angered by a confederate and then randomly assigned to one of three conditions (no thwarting, non-arbitrary thwarting, and arbitrary thwarting) in a 2 × 3 factorial design. Following the thwarting manipulation,
subjects were given an opportunity to aggress against the confederate. It was hypothesized that: (a) greater aggression would be displayed by the angry subjects and (b) thwarting of both classes of aggression (angry and-non-angry) would lead to an increase in subsequent aggression. Both hypotheses
were confirmed - subjects in the angry condition displayed more aggression, and thwarting increased subsequent aggressivity. Additionally, the amount of aggression displayed increased linearly from the no-thwarting to the non-arbitrary thwarting to the arbitrary thwarting condition for both
classes of aggression. In the second study, a delayed post-test was employed to determine the durability of aggression following the arbitrary thwarting of an instigation to aggress. It was found that the aggression aroused by arbitrary thwarting was maintained for at least one day.