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This chapter analyses the main features of industrial policies carried out in Latin America since 1990. It studies these policies during import substitution industrialization and how they changed after the market-oriented economic reforms. It presents the main national strategies, policy lines and instruments designed in the region, as well as the return of sectoral policies to the public agenda. Special attention is paid to Brazilian industrial policies because they represent the most advanced experience in the region. The paper underscores that progress in policy design has out paced improvements in policy implementation and evaluation, and discusses the importance of sector targeting, endogenous capabilities, institutions, and political will for industrial policy.

The core of a policy for accelerating economic growth is a combination of knowledge accumulation and diversification of the productive structure. These two dimensions are the focus of the present article, which examines industrial policy experiences during the import substitution industrialization period; highlights the policies currently being applied in Latin America and the Caribbean and offers a typology of the strategies underlying them; presents the main lines of action and policy instruments; and analyses issues of policy implementation and impact. The thesis is that, while policymaking capabilities have improved, a great deal of work is still needed on implementation and on the development of effective impact evaluation methodologies. Proper evaluation will show whether industrial policies have a role to play in the region. (CEPAL Rev/GIGA)

Large privately-owned national industrial groups and companies are strongly situated in Latin American markets in the second half of the 1990s. This is the result of the structural transformation of regional and international economies since the beginning of the 1980s. These groups, together with the affiliates of transnational companies, are now the largest and the most dynamic business units operating in the region. Their predominance has been consolidated by the privatization of the great majority of state industrial companies. These findings are included in a 472-page ECLAC publication on Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico of which some of the main results are reproduced in this paper. (Notas Econ Desarro Am Lat/DÜI)

El articulo resalta un conjunto de hechos estilizados que muestra las principales caracteristicas de la politica industrial tradicional y los limites a los que ella se vio enfrentada. Luego se analizan algunas experiencias desarrolladas desde mediados de los anos ochenta, y se pone de relieve que el surgimiento de nuevos enfoques en America Latina indica que la politica industrial no puede ser excluida en la tarea de recuperar el crecimiento e integrar los paises de la region a la economia mundial. Se concluye delineando diversas propuestas sobre la manera de formular una politica mas eficiente que en el pasado. (Revista de la CEPAL/DÜI)