International audience ; In the early 1990s, Pablo Spiller worked on North & Williamson's application of the New Institutional Economics, on the conditions of credible network reforms. Credibility is defined as the capacity to provide reform commitments. This work, started from a Positive Political Economics Veto Point Model, has been constructed and applied with good results. The Author will show the consequences of the 'credibility as a trade off' concept in the efficiency of Regulatory Instruments studied and then introduce two improvements. Self-Regulation is introduced and their performance reconsidered in order to achieve the trade off between commitment and flexibility.
My research program and research institution are embedded in French neo institutional analysis conduced by Claude Menard, Eric Brousseau & Jean Michel Glachant. My PhD tries to make clearer the different ways electricity reforms in Europe are produced with mainly a European revisited Mary Shirley World Bank [1995] framework. In my PhD four problems intend to be solved: The first one tries to make clearer what is an electricity reform? In order to deals with this problem I try to show all the dimensions of this market creation in traditionally integred firms. According mainly to the work of P. Joskow I show that the choice of electricity reform is a bet in term of transaction cost analysis. The market reforms want to heavily reduce costs of production by introducing innovations and new investments. But this market reforms induce a higher level of transaction cost in coordination of electricity activities. The second tries to define the attractiveness of electricity reform in Europe according to the different stakeholders. In doing so, I intend to show that this different forms of attractiveness gives a sort of Path dependencies of national reforms in Europe.The third problem in my research program deals with the feasibility of electricity reform in Europe. The huge diversity of institutional environments in the countries studied from United Kingdom to the German case need to introduce an analytical framework able to show the relation between centralisation of powers and the way the reform is produce. In this point, I show that more the powers are centralised and more the reform is vertically imposed, and more the powers are decentralised more the reform is negotiated with all the stakeholders identified in the second point. The last problem deals with the problem of credibility of the new institutional arrangement introduced to manage the sector. I define the problem of credibility as a trade off between stability of rules and flexibility of decisions according to unknown problems issued from exogenous chocks ...
My research program and research institution are embedded in French neo institutional analysis conduced by Claude Menard, Eric Brousseau & Jean Michel Glachant. My PhD tries to make clearer the different ways electricity reforms in Europe are produced with mainly a European revisited Mary Shirley World Bank [1995] framework. In my PhD four problems intend to be solved: The first one tries to make clearer what is an electricity reform? In order to deals with this problem I try to show all the dimensions of this market creation in traditionally integred firms. According mainly to the work of P. Joskow I show that the choice of electricity reform is a bet in term of transaction cost analysis. The market reforms want to heavily reduce costs of production by introducing innovations and new investments. But this market reforms induce a higher level of transaction cost in coordination of electricity activities. The second tries to define the attractiveness of electricity reform in Europe according to the different stakeholders. In doing so, I intend to show that this different forms of attractiveness gives a sort of Path dependencies of national reforms in Europe.The third problem in my research program deals with the feasibility of electricity reform in Europe. The huge diversity of institutional environments in the countries studied from United Kingdom to the German case need to introduce an analytical framework able to show the relation between centralisation of powers and the way the reform is produce. In this point, I show that more the powers are centralised and more the reform is vertically imposed, and more the powers are decentralised more the reform is negotiated with all the stakeholders identified in the second point. The last problem deals with the problem of credibility of the new institutional arrangement introduced to manage the sector. I define the problem of credibility as a trade off between stability of rules and flexibility of decisions according to unknown problems issued from exogenous chocks ...
My research program and research institution are embedded in French neo institutional analysis conduced by Claude Menard, Eric Brousseau & Jean Michel Glachant. My PhD tries to make clearer the different ways electricity reforms in Europe are produced with mainly a European revisited Mary Shirley World Bank [1995] framework. In my PhD four problems intend to be solved: The first one tries to make clearer what is an electricity reform? In order to deals with this problem I try to show all the dimensions of this market creation in traditionally integred firms. According mainly to the work of P. Joskow I show that the choice of electricity reform is a bet in term of transaction cost analysis. The market reforms want to heavily reduce costs of production by introducing innovations and new investments. But this market reforms induce a higher level of transaction cost in coordination of electricity activities. The second tries to define the attractiveness of electricity reform in Europe according to the different stakeholders. In doing so, I intend to show that this different forms of attractiveness gives a sort of Path dependencies of national reforms in Europe.The third problem in my research program deals with the feasibility of electricity reform in Europe. The huge diversity of institutional environments in the countries studied from United Kingdom to the German case need to introduce an analytical framework able to show the relation between centralisation of powers and the way the reform is produce. In this point, I show that more the powers are centralised and more the reform is vertically imposed, and more the powers are decentralised more the reform is negotiated with all the stakeholders identified in the second point. The last problem deals with the problem of credibility of the new institutional arrangement introduced to manage the sector. I define the problem of credibility as a trade off between stability of rules and flexibility of decisions according to unknown problems issued from exogenous chocks or endogenous problems embedded in the new regulatory framework Spiller [2002]. This trade off needs to introduce in the definition of credible institutional arrangements two different mechanisms: the first one has the goal to solve the problem of stability by introducing or enforcing existing safeguards structures; the second deals with the solutions of adaptation problems of the regulatory framework. I show that this to dimension has to be built in a complementary fashion to produce an effective regulatory structures. ; En l'absence d'un modèle reconnu de réforme, il est crucial de confronter les analyses théoriques aux faits, et de pouvoir comparer entre elles plusieurs expériences de réforme électrique (ici : l'Angleterre, pionnière des réformes concurrentielles, l'Espagne et l'Allemagne). Je montre que ces deux enjeux de l'analyse néo-institutionnelle des réformes se jouent en trois étapes successives. 1° Lors d'une première étape, celle de « l'attractivité des réformes », on peut déterminer et mesurer des « profils nationaux de redistribution » entre gagnants et perdants pour un type donné de réforme électrique. 2° une fois évaluée l'attractivité, on définit la « faisabilité d'une réforme » par l'intensité des contraintes industrielles et institutionnelles qui pèsent sur la transformation des cadres réglementaires et des structures industrielles portée par ce type de réforme. 3° Enfin, dans la dernière étape, se joue la « crédibilité des réformes », qui exprime la capacité à long terme des nouvelles structures de gouvernance à contenir le « triangle d'opportunisme » à chaque pas de la réforme, tout en gardant une capacité d'adaptation aux aléas.
International audience ; Electric vehicles (EVs) are not a 21st century innovation. They first surfaced during the early days of the automotive industry, and continued evolving until the rise of Fordism. During that period, EVs dominated the market but, within a matter of years, they disappeared in favour of internal combustion vehicles (ICV). Throughout the 20th century, researchers, engineers, experts and consultants encouraged manufacturers to launch new EVs, but each attempt led to failure.Today, EVs (full electric, hybrids, plug-in hybrids, as well as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles) are resurfacing through a wide range of projects and in a number of different ways. First, EVs are no longer considered to be experimental concept cars, but rather are incorporated into the production plans of mainstream manufacturers (e.g., Zoé by Renault, Leaf by Nissan, Prius by Toyota, DS by PSA, BMW i by BMW). Second, new entrants to the marketplace like Tesla Motors or BYD are bypassing the barriers that traditionally controlled entry into the automotive industry and are instead positioning themselves within the elite circle of car manufacturers (Donada, 2013). Third, the EVs resurgence does not focus solely on the vehicles themselves but also on a set of associated services such as car-sharing, battery rental, charging infrastructures, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems. Operating these services are many non-automotive companies such as energy and service providers, battery producers, telecoms, and internet companies; all of which are motivated stakeholders in the new 'electromobility' industry. Electromobility has much more to offer than simply EVs sold to individuals or fleets. It also refers to the use of electric powertrain technologies, in-vehicle information, vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems and dedicated infrastructures that enable the use of personal or collective EVs. Therefore, the electromobility industry in fact corresponds to the ecosystem of stakeholders contributing to electromobility products and services.Numerous researchers in the fields of management and economics, in engineering sciences, or in political and social sciences, have analysed the development of electromobility in terms of its 'raison d'être' and principle consequences. Their studies have been disseminated through books (Ehsani et al., 2009; Calabrese, 2012) and in academic papers published in general or specialised reviews (Aggeri et al., 2009; Sioshansi and Denholm, 2009; San Roman et al., 2011). The authors generally consider electromobilityto be a solution to various mobility issues due to its compliance with fuel efficiency and emission requirements, as well as market demands for lower mobility costs and constraints. Additionally, electromobility can be considered a contributing factor in protecting collective public goods like local public health (via reduced urban air and noise pollution), stabilising the effects of global warming by reducing sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and increasing energy security by creating conditions for energy independence that also serve to reduce the impact of oil price fluctuations.
This paper first reviews some of the main contributions of the new institutional economics to the analysis of the process of competitive transformation of network industries. It shows that neoinstitutional analysis is complementary to the microeconomics of rational pricing, since it accounts for the decisive role of an institutional framework adapted to new transactions. It emphasizes the importance of the political reform process, which draws on the conditions of attractiveness and feasibility to define an initial reorganization of property rights in these industries. The paper then analyzes in this light some of the main challenges ahead for electricity regulation: the question of investment in generation capacities and the link to long term contracts, the regulation of wholesale market power, the support to Renewable Energy Sources for Electricity (RES-E) and the design of new regulatory authorities.
International audience ; Economy Market penetration Competitiveness Multi-regional Prospective a b s t r a c t Making it possible to bridge between different sectors thanks to its versatility, hydrogen is a promising enabler for a multi-sectorial decarbonisation. The remaining question is how feasible it is to substitute the current carbonized technologies already prevailing in the markets by new low-carbon hydrogen systems that can be more expensive today and by which timeframe hydrogen can reach the required competitiveness. The market entry feasibility in the transport and natural gas sectors is assessed for USA, Europe, Japan, and China, and for different timeframes (up to 2040). According to the results , the most promising market in the four regions is hydrogen for mobility. This market even presents a potential room for taxation in the medium term. In contrast, blending with natural gas struggles to reach competitiveness. Both industrial and political efforts are required in the two markets in order to lower the costs and prepare a suitable market penetration environment.
International audience ; Economy Market penetration Competitiveness Multi-regional Prospective a b s t r a c t Making it possible to bridge between different sectors thanks to its versatility, hydrogen is a promising enabler for a multi-sectorial decarbonisation. The remaining question is how feasible it is to substitute the current carbonized technologies already prevailing in the markets by new low-carbon hydrogen systems that can be more expensive today and by which timeframe hydrogen can reach the required competitiveness. The market entry feasibility in the transport and natural gas sectors is assessed for USA, Europe, Japan, and China, and for different timeframes (up to 2040). According to the results , the most promising market in the four regions is hydrogen for mobility. This market even presents a potential room for taxation in the medium term. In contrast, blending with natural gas struggles to reach competitiveness. Both industrial and political efforts are required in the two markets in order to lower the costs and prepare a suitable market penetration environment.
International audience ; Economy Market penetration Competitiveness Multi-regional Prospective a b s t r a c t Making it possible to bridge between different sectors thanks to its versatility, hydrogen is a promising enabler for a multi-sectorial decarbonisation. The remaining question is how feasible it is to substitute the current carbonized technologies already prevailing in the markets by new low-carbon hydrogen systems that can be more expensive today and by which timeframe hydrogen can reach the required competitiveness. The market entry feasibility in the transport and natural gas sectors is assessed for USA, Europe, Japan, and China, and for different timeframes (up to 2040). According to the results , the most promising market in the four regions is hydrogen for mobility. This market even presents a potential room for taxation in the medium term. In contrast, blending with natural gas struggles to reach competitiveness. Both industrial and political efforts are required in the two markets in order to lower the costs and prepare a suitable market penetration environment.
International audience ; Economy Market penetration Competitiveness Multi-regional Prospective a b s t r a c t Making it possible to bridge between different sectors thanks to its versatility, hydrogen is a promising enabler for a multi-sectorial decarbonisation. The remaining question is how feasible it is to substitute the current carbonized technologies already prevailing in the markets by new low-carbon hydrogen systems that can be more expensive today and by which timeframe hydrogen can reach the required competitiveness. The market entry feasibility in the transport and natural gas sectors is assessed for USA, Europe, Japan, and China, and for different timeframes (up to 2040). According to the results , the most promising market in the four regions is hydrogen for mobility. This market even presents a potential room for taxation in the medium term. In contrast, blending with natural gas struggles to reach competitiveness. Both industrial and political efforts are required in the two markets in order to lower the costs and prepare a suitable market penetration environment.
International audience ; The Canary Islands offer an example of an isolated electric grid of relatively important size within the EU. Generally, these systems do not have access to every technology available, nor can they be connected to continental grids when necessary. Due to their particularities, renewable energies, benefitting from their complementarity with fossil fuels, can play an important role in achieving the main energy policy goals of the islands. Electric vehicles (EVs), thanks to their storage capacity, can provide benefits to the power system reducing both the need for backup thermal generation and the amount of spilled renewable energy (mainly wind). Moreover, EVs can introduce more demand flexibility, which reduces the extra costs (intermittency costs) that renewable technologies impose on power systems. Comparing an efficient mix under a baseline scenario (null impact of electric vehicles) with an equivalent efficient mix under an alternative scenario assuming the introduction of a maximum of 122,000 cars into the Canarias market in 2025, we find a reduction of almost 11% in average generating cost (about 80 million euros/year), 9% in risk (measured as the standard deviation) and almost 13% in emissions.
