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Some political observers dubbed the 2008 presidential campaign as 'the Facebook Election'. Barack Obama, in particular, employed social media such as blogs, Twitter, Flickr, Digg, YouTube, MySpace and Facebook to run a 'grassroots-style' campaign. The Obama campaign was keenly aware that voters, particularly the young, are not simply consumers of information, but conduits of information as well. They often replaced the professional filter of traditional media with a social one. Social media allowed candidates to do electronically what previously had to be done through shoe leather and phone.

Despite the impact that influential American political bloggers have had on public policies and the mainstream media agenda in recent years, very little research is currently available on the most widely read political bloggers.Through a survey of 66 top American political bloggers, the present study examines this elite group by analyzing their initial and current motivations for blogging as well as their online and offline behaviors. The findings demonstrate that nearly all motivations for blogging have increased over time, with the most substantial increases occurring in extrinsic motivations. The results also reveal a significant association between extrinsic motivations and blogger online and offline political participation. This study demonstrates that future research on political blogs needs to look beyond blog readers and blog content and investigate the influential political bloggers themselves.

1. Radical Visual Propaganda in theOnline Environment: An Introduction / Cori E. Dauber and Carol K. Winkler 1. - Section I: Perspectives on the Re-Circulation of Online Visual Images 31. - 2. Gathering Data Through Court Cases: Implications for Understanding Visual Messaging / Anne Stenersen 33. - 3. Visual Reconciliation as Strategy of Response to Offending Images Online / Carol K. Winkler 55. - Section II: Perspectives on Message Strategies of Online Extremists 81. - 4. Teaching Hate: The Role of Internet Visual Imagery in the Radicalization of White Ethno-terrorists in the United States / Michael S. Waltman 83. - 5. "Counter" or "Alternative": Contesting Video Narratives of Violent Islamist Extremism / Scott W. Ruston and Jeffry R. Halverson 105. - Section III: Perspectives on Audiences and Images in Online Environments 135. - 6. The Branding of Violent Jihadism / Cori E. Dauber 137. - 7. Conceptualizing Radicalization in a Market for Loyalties / Shawn Powers and Matt Armstrong 165. - 8. Semantic Processing of Visual Propaganda in the Online Environment / Saeid Balkesim 193. - 9. Big Pictures and Visual Propaganda: The Lessons of Research on the "Effects" of Photojournalistic Icons / Natalia Mielczarek and David D. Perlmutter 215. - 10. Responses and Recommendations / Cori E. Dauber and Louis H. Jordan, Jr. 233

A new era of political power has arrived, one in which the social media forces of Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter indisputably play a larger role in the political process. In this revised and expanded edition of Political Communication: The Manship School Guide, edited by Robert Mann and David D. Perlmutter, contributors discuss technological changes in the context of studies and techniques that remain unchallenged, resulting in a truly comprehensive manual of the world of political communication.