Suchergebnisse

This thesis highlights the very important influence of dwelling in the contemporary territorial framework, through the historical analysis of American, Brazilian and South African contexts. Since the nineteenth century, a lot of residents and property owners, sometimes backed by the real estate industry, extended their control and powers in a shared way beyond the spatial limits of houses and individual plots. They secured thereby the quality of life, the prestige and the property values inside the residential area. By doing so, they created true dwelling territories that impacted the functioning of metropolitan areas as well in the spatial field, with the establishment of residential communities, as in the institutional domain, through the proliferation of management and governance bodies. The relatively recent spread of gated communities, which are generally administered by homeowners or neighbourhood associations, explicitly illustrates this double dynamic. The thesis thus relates how the dwelling has been progressively territorialized since the nineteenth century. Furthermore, this phenomenon has been studied in parallel to a process of democratization of societies. In the three countries selected for this research, the empowerment at the neighbourhood level began in a post-abolition era. Then, the residential environments have been thought, more particularly in the upper middle and wealthy classes, as protective surroundings against the deep changes and problems experienced by urban areas at this time, but also as a way to reintroduce a racial and social hierarchy by means of segregation practices, when the previous slave order had just been set aside. This doctoral research aims to demonstrate that this historical root of the contemporary dwelling, largely designed in opposition to the city and sometimes even to a relatively more democratic functioning of the society, continues to influence the residential trends in some aspects. ; Cette thèse met en évidence, à travers l'analyse historique de contextes états-uniens, brésiliens et sud-africains, l'ampleur considérable prise par la dimension habitante dans l'architecture territoriale contemporaine. Depuis le dix-neuvième siècle, nombre de riverains et propriétaires, parfois aidés d'acteurs du secteur immobilier, ont étendu de manière mutualisée leur contrôle et leurs pouvoirs au-delà du domicile et de la simple parcelle individuelle, l'objectif étant notamment d'assurer une qualité de vie, un prestige et la valeur des biens au sein de l'environnement résidentiel. Agissant ainsi, ils ont de fait constitué de véritables territoires habitants, qui ont marqué le fonctionnement des agglomérations tout aussi bien dans le champ spatial, étant donné l'établissement de domaine résidentiels, que sur le plan institutionnel, avec la multiplication d'organes de gestion et de gouvernance. La propagation relativement récente d'ensembles résidentiels fermés, généralement administrés par des associations de propriétaires ou de riverains, illustre de manière particulièrement explicite cette double dynamique. La thèse relate ainsi comment l'habiter s'est peu à peu territorialisé depuis le dix-neuvième siècle. En outre, il fut entrepris l'étude de ce phénomène parallèlement à un processus de démocratisation des sociétés. Dans les trois pays sélectionnés pour cette recherche, l'affirmation de l'échelon habitant s'est initiée dans un contexte post-abolitionniste. L'environnement résidentiel fut alors pensé, notamment chez les strates sociales supérieures, comme un cadre protecteur face aux profondes mutations et problèmes de l'urbain de l'époque, mais également comme le moyen de réintroduire au moyen de pratiques ségrégatives une hiérarchie sociale et raciale, alors que l'ancien ordre esclavagiste venait d'être démantelé. Cette recherche doctorale cherche à démontrer que cette racine historique, d'un habiter contemporain se territorialisant face à la ville et parfois même à un fonctionnement relativement plus démocratique de la société, continue à influencer les tendances résidentielles par certains aspects.

This thesis highlights the very important influence of dwelling in the contemporary territorial framework, through the historical analysis of American, Brazilian and South African contexts. Since the nineteenth century, a lot of residents and property owners, sometimes backed by the real estate industry, extended their control and powers in a shared way beyond the spatial limits of houses and individual plots. They secured thereby the quality of life, the prestige and the property values inside the residential area. By doing so, they created true dwelling territories that impacted the functioning of metropolitan areas as well in the spatial field, with the establishment of residential communities, as in the institutional domain, through the proliferation of management and governance bodies. The relatively recent spread of gated communities, which are generally administered by homeowners or neighbourhood associations, explicitly illustrates this double dynamic. The thesis thus relates how the dwelling has been progressively territorialized since the nineteenth century. Furthermore, this phenomenon has been studied in parallel to a process of democratization of societies. In the three countries selected for this research, the empowerment at the neighbourhood level began in a post-abolition era. Then, the residential environments have been thought, more particularly in the upper middle and wealthy classes, as protective surroundings against the deep changes and problems experienced by urban areas at this time, but also as a way to reintroduce a racial and social hierarchy by means of segregation practices, when the previous slave order had just been set aside. This doctoral research aims to demonstrate that this historical root of the contemporary dwelling, largely designed in opposition to the city and sometimes even to a relatively more democratic functioning of the society, continues to influence the residential trends in some aspects. ; Cette thèse met en évidence, à travers l'analyse historique de contextes ...