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Cover -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- PART I: HISTORICAL AND CLINICAL CONTEXT -- 1 Spirituality and Biomedicine: A History of Harmony and Discord -- 2 Approaching Spirituality in Clinical Practice -- PART II: MAJOR TRADITIONS AND MEDICINE -- 3 Judaism -- 4 Hinduism -- 5 Islam -- 6 Christianity -- 7 Buddhism -- 8 Eclectic Spirituality -- 9 Christian Science -- 10 Jehovah's Witnesses -- 11 A Secular Perspective -- PART III: IMPLICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS -- 12 Ethical Considerations and Implications for Professionalism -- 13 Spiritual Care and Chaplaincy -- 14 Teaching and Learning at the Interface of Medicine and Spirituality -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

Beginning with a Foreword by Dr. Howard K. Koh, former US Assistant Secretary for Health for the Department of Health and Human Services, this volume examines almost every aspect of health, reviewing past and more recent research on the relationship between religion and health outcomes.

"The 2001 edition (1st) was a comprehensive review of history, research, and discussions on religion and health through the year 2000. The Appendix listed 1,200 separate quantitative studies on religion and health each rated in quality on 0-10 scale, followed by about 2,000 references and an extensive index for rapid topic identification. The 2012 edition (2nd) of the Handbook systematically updated the research from 2000 to 2010, with the number of quantitative studies then reaching the thousands. This 2022 edition (3rd) is the most scientifically rigorous addition to date, covering the best research published through 2021 with an emphasis on prospective studies and randomized controlled trials. Beginning with a Foreword by Dr. Howard K. Koh, former US Assistant Secretary for Health for the Department of Health and Human Services, this nearly 600,000-word volume examines almost every aspect of health, reviewing past and more recent research on the relationship between religion and health outcomes. Furthermore, nearly all of its 34 chapters conclude with clinical and community applications making this text relevant to both health care professionals (physicians, nurses, social workers, rehabilitation therapists, counsellors, psychologists, sociologists, etc.) and clergy (community clergy, chaplains, pastoral counsellors, etc.). The book's extensive Appendix focuses on the best studies, describing each study in a single line, allowing researchers to quickly locate the existing research. It should not be surprising that for Handbook for the past two decades has been the most cited of all references on religion and health"--

'Handbook of Religion and Health' has become the seminal research text on religion, spirituality, and health, outlining a rational argument for the connection between religion and health. For the past two decades, this handbook has been the most cited of all references on religion and health. This third edition covers the best research published through 2021 with an emphasis on prospective studies and randomised controlled trials. This volume examines research on the relationship between religion and health outcomes, surveys the historical connections between religion and health, and discusses the distinction between the terms 'religion' and 'spirituality' in research and clinical practice.

Abstract
Hypertension is a widespread and deadly medical condition in both the United States and around the world. This is particularly true for certain subgroups of the population, such as African Americans, older individuals, and those with poor access to healthcare or to treatments that can lower blood pressure (BP). Psychological, social, behavioral, cultural, and environmental risk factors for hypertension are now well-known, and controlling these risk factors can help to lower BP and prevent hypertension. This chapter examines the many reasons why religious involvement might affect BP or influence the development of hypertension. Systematic research is reviewed on the relationship between religion, religiosity, and blood pressure. Likewise, religious/spiritual interventions that have potential for lowering BP are reviewed. The relationship between religiosity and BP, however, is a complex one that is affected by many factors. Practical applications in the clinic and community are described.

Abstract
This chapter examines the diagnosis, prevalence, and impact of bipolar disorder (BPD). Religion's influence on BPD through environmental and social pathways are examined. The possibility of religious delusions and hallucinations in BPD are acknowledged. The heart of this chapter, though, is a review of systematic research that has examined the relationship between religious involvement and BPD. The greatest weakness of most of this research is that more than 90% is cross-sectional, with few prospective studies and few if any randomized controlled trials. The authors find that in religious areas of the world (such as Brazil and India), religiosity and symptoms of bipolar disorder are closely intertwined, and in some cases, religiosity may conflict with and interfere with pharmacological treatment of the disorder. Finally, the chapter discusses clinical applications, including taking a careful spiritual history and supporting nonpathological religious beliefs and activities. Religious support and counsel by religious professionals are also emphasized.

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between religiosity and positive emotions. It first reviews predictors of psychological well-being, examining various psychological theories of well-being that involve demographic factors, genetic influences, satisfaction of goals, and cognitive processes having to do with reference points in comparison to others. Next, it examines the impact of well-being on health more generally, including effects on social relationships, work performance, and psychological resilience, as well as on physical health and longevity. The authors then theorize how and why religion might impact psychological well-being, and review research examining the relationship between religiosity and psychological well-being, purpose and meaning in life, optimism, hope, gratitude, and self-esteem. The chapter concludes by providing recommendations for future research and describing clinical applications for mental health and religious professionals.

Abstract
Healthy personality characteristics, good mental and physical health during adulthood, future social relationships, prosocial values, and risk of delinquency/crime are heavily influenced by the family environment. This chapter opens with a discussion of increasing divorce rates, and an examination of predictors of divorce (cohabitation, premarital sex, non-marital parity, socioeconomic factors, unstable parents) and the health consequences of divorce on adults and children. Next, predictors of family stability and functioning are examined, followed by a case vignette of a couple with marital conflict. The chapter then reviews the teachings of religious faith traditions on marriage, divorce, and the importance of family and children, speculating on what effect religious involvement might have on marital and family stability. Next, the chapter reviews research on the effects of religiosity on divorce, quality of the marital relationship, family stability, child abuse, and domestic violence. Finally, applications in the clinic and community are discussed and recommendations made.

Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of religious involvement on the development of cerebrovascular disease (CBVD), on the precipitation of CBVD events such as stroke, and on the health outcomes that follow (recurrent stroke, disability, death). It begins by emphasizing that CBVD is the leading cause of serious long-term disability in later life and the second most common cause of death worldwide, second only to ischemic heart disease. It then examines risk factors for stroke and speculates how religious involvement might affect CBVD. This is followed by a review of early and more recent studies examining the relationship between religiosity and CBVD, the impact of religiosity on CBVD, and the effects of religious/spiritual interventions on CBVD. Recommendations for future research are provided, and practical applications in the clinic and the community are suggested. Religious/spiritual interventions to reverse the course of CBVD are also considered.

Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of religious involvement on disease detection and prevention. Good health behaviors, engagement in disease-prevention activities (particularly regular medical/dental visits and vaccinations), early disease detection through screening, and compliance with medical treatments are essential for preserving and improving physical and mental health. Early and more recent research is reviewed on the effects that religious involvement has in this regard (both positive and negative), particularly in terms of behaviors such as cigarette smoking, exercise, diet, alcohol intake, use of illicit drugs, disease-screening activities, and compliance with immunizations. The authors examine the roles of healthcare professionals and religious professionals in helping to educate religious persons about the benefits of disease-prevention and health-promotion activities that will maintain and maximize health and ability to serve in their community.

Exploring the ethical dimension of the interface between psychiatry and religion, this work illustrates core principles with practical examples in a variety of contexts. These include subspecialties such as child, geriatric, forensic, inpatient and community psychiatry, and settings such as ethics committees, religious organizations and international conflicts, psychiatric education and research