Suchergebnisse

Die folgende Analyse unternimmt den Versuch, die gegenwärtige russische Elite zu beschreiben, ihre Genese, ihre Beziehung zum System bis hin zu ihrem verbindenden Element. Dabei kann festgehalten werden, dass die derzeitige Elite in Russland stark integriert und eng differenziert ist. Folglich schafft es das Regime nur äußerst spärlich, die Vielfalt gesellschaftlicher Gruppen zu repräsentieren. Zudem gelang es, die Elite durch Jahrzehnte eines auferlegten Konsenses und umfangreicher wirtschaftlicher Ressourcen, die durch Staatsunternehmen erlangt und durch staatliche Institutionen verteilt wurden, zu integrieren. Allerdings kann diese feste Integration der Elite nur eine formale sein, und ist gewissermaßen nur eine geschickte Imitation. Machtkämpfe im System sind eine Frage der Zeit.

Die folgende Analyse unternimmt den Versuch, die gegenwärtige russische Elite zu beschreiben, ihre Genese, ihre Beziehung zum System bis hin zu ihrem verbindenden Element. Dabei kann festgehalten werden, dass die derzeitige Elite in Russland stark integriert und eng differenziert ist. Folglich schafft es das Regime nur äußerst spärlich, die Vielfalt gesellschaftlicher Gruppen zu repräsentieren. Zudem gelang es, die Elite durch Jahrzehnte eines auferlegten Konsenses und umfangreicher wirtschaftlicher Ressourcen, die durch Staatsunternehmen erlangt und durch staatliche Institutionen verteilt wurden, zu integrieren. Allerdings kann diese feste Integration der Elite nur eine formale sein, und ist gewissermaßen nur eine geschickte Imitation. Machtkämpfe im System sind eine Frage der Zeit.

Abstract
The phenomenon of color revolutions has occupied a prominent place in Russian politics for a good reason. The major threat of color revolutions as modern political warfare designed by Western countries deeply affected the political process in Russia since 2005. It may have appeared that the imperative of resisting them was the result of a non-democratic regime reacting to neighboring countries' uprisings. Some portrayed it as authoritarian learning. This paper suggests that the counteractions stemmed from the interests of disunited Russian elite groups who were seeking opportunities to reinforce their dominance and capitalize on the idea of significant external threats. The phenomenon reshaped the balance within elite groups and led to the consolidation of law enforcement networks on the eve of Putin's third term. Further, the prevailing perception of color revolutions discouraged any elite splits that could lead to proto-democratic rules.

The article describes the political process in the UK after the referendum on leaving the EU. Unsuccessful at least until February 2019 negotiations between the Conservative government and the EU are at the center of the process. Considerable attention is paid to the results of the general parliamentary elections of 2017, which brought the decline of multi-party politics. The article points to Brexit's obvious connection with disruptions in the process of devolution and the emergence of new problems in the central government relations with the regions: Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Since XV-th century, when first Muslim state has been formed at Mindanao island in the south of the Philippines, practically two very different societies had to co-exist on the territory of the country: Muslims and Filipinos. It created a problem ad numerous conflicts which have not been solved so far. The aggravation between the Filipinos and the inhabitants of the southern island of Mindanao, which occurred in the XX-th century, led to a series of peace negotiations and attempts to reach political consensus. The idea of creating an autonomous territory in Mindanao within the framework of the Republic of the Philippines was framed in the form of a law, repeatedly elaborated, implemented, but without much success. Over the past 22 years, disagreements and a threat to the security of the region preserved, and strong tensions remained between the government of the Philippines and the Islamic leaders of Mindanao. When President Duterte came to power, another attempt was made to resolve this conflict, and for the first time in many years, a law was ratified based on the results of the plebiscite. This law can become the basis for the successful implementation of the idea of autonomy of Mindanao. However, it should be noted that in the near future the likelihood of armed clashes, provocations and serious terrorist acts by the forces of extremist groups in Mindanao is quite high.

The article is devoted to understanding the origins of the Russian political elite. Relying on the empirical material of 2021, the authors study whether social ties in the Soviet managing class called "nomenklatura" is an important factor determining the position within the top echelon of the Russian political elite. In order to explore the genesis of the Russian political elite, we used a cross-methodological approach as well as the research method based on tracking their social origin. Our empirical basis is an original database for identifying elites including two elite lists, positional and reputational ones. The positional list for our analysis includes 112 personalities who hold positions in power structures provided with significant influence at the beginning of August 2021. The reputation list for analysis includes 100 personalities, based on the widely cited expert model "Politburo 2.0". To set up the connection between the current Russian political elite and the social group known to us as the Soviet "nomenklatura", we use the combined method. The "nomenklatura" heritage rating given for career, family and educational environment we assigned and summarized. Based on the results of the study, the following results were reached: as for the positional list, 59 out of 112 personalities (52.6%) are related to the Soviet nomenclature (total ratings of 2 and above), as for the reputation list - 50 out of 100 (50%). Based on a descriptive comparative analysis of two independent lists, we conclude that at least a half of contemporary elite actors have this kind of background among the modern Russian top-tier elite, and another 13-15% can relate to it with a significant degree of probability. It is noticeable that the proportion we found approved regardless of the approach the list of elite personalities is based on.