Suchergebnisse

Vilniaus universitetasSocialinio darbo katedraUniversiteto g. 9/1 – 309 kab.LT-01513 VilniusEl. paštas: donatai@gmail.com
Straipsnio tikslas – išnagrinėti ir atskleisti tyrėjo subjektyvaus patyrimo episteminę reikšmę ir jo panaudojimo lauko tyrimuose galimybes. Šios temos nagrinėjimas svarbus, nes leidžia kritiškiau įvertinti lauko tyrimus, visapusiškiau traktuoti jų duomenis ir siekti didesnio jų validumo. Rengiant medžiagą straipsniui buvo taikomi mokslinės literatūros, metodinių pavyzdžių ir asmeninės patirties analizės metodai. Prieita prie išvados, kad atliekant tokio pobūdžio tyrimus svarbu fiksuoti ne tik tai, kas vyksta tyrėjo išorėje (t. y. tiriamoje erdvėje), bet ir tai, kas vyksta tyrėjo viduje, ir šiuos vidinius vyksmus traktuoti kaip intensyvių ir daugiamačių tyrėjo ir tiriamųjų sąveikų padarinius.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: lauko tyrimas, etnografinis tyrimas, stebėjimas dalyvaujant, reflektyvumas, tyrėjo savianalizė.The Epistemic Singnificance of Researcher's Subjective Experience in Fieldwork Donata Petružytė
Summary The key feature of fieldwork is the researcher's immersion in the culture (i.e. the group or community) being investigated. For this reason, fieldwork requires an exceptionally deep and personal involvement and is, therefore, emotionally costly to the researcher. This article is specifically aimed at drawing readers' attention to subjective experiences of the fieldworker, which are rarely discussed in the scientific literature. In essence, the objective of this article is to reveal the epistemological significance of a researcher's subjective experience and to investigate the possibilities of its application to fieldwork. The primary methods of data collection for this article were analysis, synthesis, and interpretation of scientific literature and methodological illustrations. In addition, the author's personal experience in fieldwork was also analysed (namely, her research about waste-gatherer communities in Lithuanian landfills, which was conducted in cooperation with Mindaugas Survila, the director and cameraman of the 2011 documentary "Field of Magic"). The author believes that the aforementioned topic deserves thorough research because of its potential to aid the critical evaluation of fieldwork, to allow a more versatile data interpretation, and to improve the validity of gathered data. On the one hand, the theoretical aspects of the problem are only briefly examined in this article. On the other hand, the practical strategies of encouraging social and psychological reflectivity are discussed extensively and personal experience is analysed meticulously. Despite the fact that this article deals with fieldwork in particular, some of its findings might be useful for qualitative research in general. It must be acknowledged that the social setting of the field has an inevitable impact on the ethnographer. The summary of the author's personal reflections, ethnographic research, and methodological literature reveals five types of such impact: physiological, cognitive, social, emotional, and ethical. In each individual case, the combination of levels of influence and their intensity depend on three factors: research characteristics (duration, intensity of data collection, cultural proximity / distance between researchers and participants), the researcher's personal qualities and experience, and the peculiarities of the social milieu being investigated. It is evident, that only through constant effort of reflection the pitfall of unconscious social conditioning can be avoided. Otherwise it might lie unnoticed and lead to gross misrepresentations of social reality. Naturally, researchers themselves also have a powerful effect on their group of research subjects as their sudden entrance in the field abruptly interrupts the course of habitual activities of these subjects. Research subjects also have particular expectations the researcher and their own attitudes based on individual experience or common sense. Consequently, it is extremely important for the researcher to master the art of identifying and negotiating these expectations and common sense notions in order to properly steer the process of entering the field. The level of mastery determines the type of data accessible to the researcher and how readily available it is. Generally speaking, there are several crucial aspects of the ethnographer's influence on research subjects. Firstly, there is a number of primary characteristics of identity, determining the researcher's personality and the conduct of research, which are beyond one's control. Namely, they are gender, age, and ethnic background, which are associated with specific social norms. Secondly, there are a few factors that the scientist can control. They include his or her outlook, behaviour, and social skills. Despite being less fundamental, the latter are sometimes useful in mitigating the negative effects of the former. Accordingly, controllable and uncontrollable factors interact with the expectations of research subjects to create a particular image of the scientist. A dedicated role is fairly quickly assigned to the researcher, but it may be transformed in the course of the fieldwork. As each given role allows for a specific amount of social power, and the researcher's power translates into freedom of inquiry, the fieldworker's scientific endeavour is enhanced by attainment of powerful roles and limited by reception of powerless roles. Although the former statement has become fieldworkers' common sense, a mere recognition of the fact does not suffice. In order to thoughtfully and efficiently handle the research process, fieldworkers need to delve deeply into the everyday interaction among their social roles, psychological characteristics, subjects' expectations and dispositions about them and their research. Scientists must also evaluate their level of coping with all the tasks and how it advances or hinders data collection. It is clearly evident that knowledge about social life, as generated during fieldwork, has little to do with the controlled setting of a lab. Its life-like character is marked with intimate, long-term, complicated, and multidimensional relationship between the research parties. Hence, it is important to register not only the flow of events in the field that are external to the researcher, but also his or her inner processes and to treat them as a product of multifaceted interaction between the fieldworker and natives of the field. It is quite apparent that because of a multitude of reciprocal effects between ethnographers and the field, researchers cannot be regarded as infallible and objective means of research. Henceforth, regular efforts by the researcher to analyse this complicated relationship from one's point of view are mandatory. These efforts might provide a fruitful insight into research development and data interpretation. In conclusion, reflecting should be a vital part of every ethnographer's research, because it would bring a handful of improvements. Firstly, the proper reflection on processes within the field and the self-analysis might lead to an increased observational acuteness. This would account for richer data and more in-depth information about the research object. Secondly, regular self-analysis would allow the fieldworker to be more involved in the research process and improve his or her ability to make strategic moves. Thirdly, acute reflection could shed more light on the context of data and the procedure of their collection. Furthermore, this would lead to a both more apt attribution of meaning during data interpretation and an improved validity of data. As a bonus, self-analysis may relieve the emotional burden put on the researcher by the difficulties of fieldwork and encourage the fieldworker's personal development. Finally, deep reflection might also serve the educational purpose for both authors and readers alike, since it enriches research reports with detailed accounts of the fieldwork peculiarities. Key words: field research, ethnographic research, participant observation, reflectivity, researcher's self-analysis

The aim of this paper is to establish common traits of work of waste pickers. Analysis is based on comparison of data of ethnographic research conducted in Lithuanian dumps and research results presented in various scientific publications representing situation in various countries. In this paper we discuss the work of waste pickers concerning three aspects: (1) common characteristics work of waste pickers; (2) waste pickers self-perception and attitude of society towards waste pickers and their work; (3) benefits of waste pickers work. The paper is divided in three chapters according to these topics.

Grounded Theory is one of the most widely used methodologies in social sciences of modern days. Clear framing of differences of two principal versions of Grounded Theory (Glaserian and Straussian) is the essential question when one wants to understand it and make Grounded Theory research. Therefore in this paper it will be briefly presented Grounded Theory and analyzed differences of its two principal versions. At first it will be discussed the context of Grounded Theory origin and its contribution to the methodology of social sciences. It will be proceeded with coherent analysis of differences of both versions. In the beginning will be discussed historical aspects (the split between two co-originators which influenced further development of Grounded Theory methodology). Afterwards will be analyzed theoretical basis of Grounded Theory and discussed its place among quantitative and qualitative research methods. Focal attention in both topics will be given to the differences between Glaserian and Straussian versions. Ultimately it will be discussed various procedural and technical discrepancies. The analysis of differences leads to the conclusion that two versions of Grounded Theory can be treated as two substantially distinct methodologies.

Straipsnyje aptariami Grindžiamosios teorijos skirtingų versijų (B. Glaserio ir A. Strausso) skirtumai ir panašumai. Pirmoje straipsnio dalyje pristatomas Grindžiamosios teorijos kontekstas ir kilmė ir jos įnašas į socialinių mokslų metodologiją. Antroje dalyje kalbama apie Grindžiamosios teorijos kūrėjų išsiskyrimą ir jo poveikį tolimesnei metodologijos plėtrai. Trečioje dalyje lyginat skirtingas versijas atskleidžiami skirtumai. Galiausiai yra analizuojama grindžiamosios teorijos teorinė bazė ir aptariama jos vieta kiekybinių ir kokybinių tyrimo metodų aibėje. Apibendrinus analizės rezultatus, teigiama, kad dvi Grindžiamosios teorijos versijos iš esmės yra dvi skirtingos metodologijos.

[straipsnis, santrauka, reikšminiai žodžiai lietuvių kalba; santrauka ir reikšminiai žodžiai anglų kalba]
Šio straipsnio tikslas yra giliau panagrinėti skirtingų klientų grupių derinimo patirtis – atskleisti asmenų, turinčių proto negalią, ir gatvės jaunuolių tarpusavio sąveikos abipusę naudą per reguliariai vykstančias bendras stovyklas, ypatingą dėmesį kreipiant būtent į proto negalią turinčių žmonių gebėjimus ir jų panaudojimo galimybes. Tikslui pasiekti buvo atliktas kokybinis tyrimas imant nestruktūruotus ir pusiau struktūruotus interviu iš asmenų, dalyvavusių integruotose vasaros stovyklose, kuriose turėjo galimybę sąveikauti gatvės jaunuoliai ir proto negalią turintys asmenys. Apibendrinant tyrimo rezultatus, galima teigti, kad bendruomeninio gyvenimo su proto negalią turinčiais asmenimis patirtis demitizuoja visuomenės įsitikinimus apie šios socialinės rizikos grupės nevisavertį žmogiškumą. Atvirkščiai, jų tikrumas tampa dovana tiems, kurie išdrįsta dalyvauti jų bendruomeniniame gyvenime, ypač daug ankstyvo socialinio gyvenimo sunkumų patyrusiems gatvės jaunuoliams.

Šiame straipsnyje pristatomo tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti benamių asmenų patirties ir savęs vertinimo sąsajas. Siekiama ne tik apskritai ištirti benamių asmenų savęs vertinimą, bet ir išsiaiškinti, kaip benamių savęs vertinimas susijęs su jų socialinėmis ir demografinėmis charakteristikomis, šeiminiais ryšiais ir benamystės patirtimi. Pirmoje straipsnio dalyje aprašoma savęs vertinimo samprata bei benamių asmenų savęs vertinimo ypatumai. Antroje – pagrindinėje – dalyje pristatomi benamių apklausos, atliktos Vilniaus ir Panevėžio miestuose, rezultatai.Tyrimas padėjo atskleisti ne tik bendrą benamių asmenų charakteristiką, bet ir parodė jų savęs vertinimo lygį. Išsiaiškinta, kad benamių asmenų savęs vertinimas yra žemas arba vidutinis. Benamiai asmenys, nors ir pakankamai teigiamai žiūri į save, linkę sutikti, kad kartais jaučiasi nieko verti, ir norėtų labiau save gerbti. Benamiai asmenys, nors ir sutinka, kad turi gerų savybių, darbus atlieka taip pat gerai kaip ir kiti, tačiau įsitikinę, kad turi nedaug kuo didžiuotis. Benamių asmenų savęs vertinimas statistiškai reikšmingai susijęs su alkoholio vartojimu. Daugiau alkoholio vartojantys asmenys pasižymi žemesne saviverte. Benamių asmenų savęs vertinimas statistiškai reikšmingai susijęs su sveikatos įverčiu. Blogesne sveikata besiskundžiantys benamiai asmenys turi žemesnę savivertę. Savęs vertinimas statistiškai reikšmingai susijęs su išsilavinimu. Aukštesnį išsilavinimą turintys asmenys save vertina geriau. Tyrime nebuvo gauta statistiškai reikšmingų benamių asmenų savęs vertinimo ir socialinių ryšių duomenų. Vilniaus ir Panevėžio benamių asmenų savęs vertinimas statistiškai reikšmingai skiriasi. Panevėžyje gyvenančių benamių savivertė yra žemesnė nei gyvenančių Vilniuje. Tai gali lemti, kad Panevėžyje benamiai vartoja statistiškai reikšmingai daugiau alkoholio ir skundžiasi prasta sveikata.

Šio straipsnio tikslas – atskleisti jaunų žmonių, leidžiančių laiką gatvėje, savivoką. Pirmoje straipsnio dalyje aprašomi pagrindiniai savivokos aspektai, aptariant Carl R. Rogers'o savęs suvokimo koncepciją. Kitose dalyse pristatomi kokybinio tyrimo rezultatai. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad jauni žmonės, laiką leidžiantys Vilniaus miesto Viršuliškių ir Pašilaičių mikrorajonuose, susiduria su skirtingais sunkumais, kurie daro tiesioginę neigiamą įtaką savęs vertinimui. Jaunuoliai mato save "blogus" ar atskirtyje esančius žmones. Dėl patirtų sunkumų vaikystėje, problemų šeimoje, mokykloje ar bendraamžių tarpe jie dažnai jaučiasi vieniši, kamuojami slogių, depresyvių minčių. Dauguma jų jaučia bendrą nepasitenkinimą gyvenimu, o rizikingo elgesio priežastimis įvardija prasmės trūkumą. Nors jaunuoliams trūksta pasitikėjimo savimi, vis dėlto jie žino ir savo stiprybes.

The phenomenon of social entrepreneurship is sufficiently well-researched abroad since the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, it is quite a new and under-researched subject in Lithuanian academic discourse. The goal of this article is to explore the experiences of pioneers of social entrepreneurship in Lithuania, the way they create and develop the model of social entrepreneurship. The first half of the article discusses various concepts of social entrepreneurship, its historical development, connections with corporate social responsibility and its purpose in contemporary societies. The second part describes the authentic experiences of being the icebreakers of social business practices in bureaucratic system. Results are based on semi-structured qualitative interviews, conducted in autumn 2018 - spring 2019, with 14 social entrepreneurs in Lithuania. The analysis was done following the approach of grounded theory. The research shows, that social entrepreneurs experience various challenges while cooperating with governmental institutions or municipalities while searching for suitable funding models and experiencing ignorance from society in general. Nevertheless, they still engage in these activities with the help and support of an emerging community of active like-minded social entrepreneurs, whose support is essential for the existence and development of social entrepreneurship in Lithuania.

The phenomenon of social entrepreneurship is sufficiently well-researched abroad since the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, it is quite a new and under-researched subject in Lithuanian academic discourse. The goal of this article is to explore the experiences of pioneers of social entrepreneurship in Lithuania, the way they create and develop the model of social entrepreneurship. The first half of the article discusses various concepts of social entrepreneurship, its historical development, connections with corporate social responsibility and its purpose in contemporary societies. The second part describes the authentic experiences of being the icebreakers of social business practices in bureaucratic system. Results are based on semi-structured qualitative interviews, conducted in autumn 2018 - spring 2019, with 14 social entrepreneurs in Lithuania. The analysis was done following the approach of grounded theory. The research shows, that social entrepreneurs experience various challenges while cooperating with governmental institutions or municipalities while searching for suitable funding models and experiencing ignorance from society in general. Nevertheless, they still engage in these activities with the help and support of an emerging community of active like-minded social entrepreneurs, whose support is essential for the existence and development of social entrepreneurship in Lithuania. ; Socialinio verslo fenomenas, užsienyje nagrinėjamas nuo XX a. paskutinio dešimtmečio, Lietuvoje dar yra gana naujas ir mažai paliečiamas moksliniame diskurse. Šio straipsnio tikslas yra atskleisti Lietuvoje veikiančių socialinio verslo pionierių patirtį kuriant ir plėtojant socialinio verslo modelį. Pirmose straipsnio dalyse aptariamos skirtingos socialinio verslo sampratos, jo istorija, sąsajos su verslo socialine atsakomybe ir paskirtis šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje. Tolesnėse dalyse analizuojama autentiška buvimo socialinio verslo led­laužiais biurokratizuotoje sistemoje praktika. Remiamasi kokybiniais pusiau struktūruotais interviu, atliktais 2018–2019 metais su 14 socialinio verslo organizacijų įkūrėjų. Duomenys analizuoti pasitelkiant kokybinės turinio analizės metodą. Apibendrinus tyrimo rezultatus, galima teigti, kad socialiniai verslininkai Lietuvoje susiduria su įvairiais iššūkiais bendradarbiaudami su valstybės institucijomis ir savivaldybėmis, bandydami rasti tinkamą finansavimo modelį ir patirdami visuomenės nežinojimą ar abejingumą socialiniam verslui. Tačiau jie vis tiek imasi šios veiklos, nes jaučia ypatingą besiburiančios iniciatyvių bendraminčių bendruomenės palaikymą. Be šio palaikymo būtų sunkiai įmanomas socialinio verslo egzistavimas ir plėtra Lietuvoje.

The phenomenon of social entrepreneurship is sufficiently well-researched abroad since the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, it is quite a new and under-researched subject in Lithuanian academic discourse. The goal of this article is to explore the experiences of pioneers of social entrepreneurship in Lithuania, the way they create and develop the model of social entrepreneurship. The first half of the article discusses various concepts of social entrepreneurship, its historical development, connections with corporate social responsibility and its purpose in contemporary societies. The second part describes the authentic experiences of being the icebreakers of social business practices in bureaucratic system. Results are based on semi-structured qualitative interviews, conducted in autumn 2018 - spring 2019, with 14 social entrepreneurs in Lithuania. The analysis was done following the approach of grounded theory. The research shows, that social entrepreneurs experience various challenges while cooperating with governmental institutions or municipalities while searching for suitable funding models and experiencing ignorance from society in general. Nevertheless, they still engage in these activities with the help and support of an emerging community of active like-minded social entrepreneurs, whose support is essential for the existence and development of social entrepreneurship in Lithuania.

The phenomenon of social entrepreneurship is sufficiently well-researched abroad since the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, it is quite a new and under-researched subject in Lithuanian academic discourse. The goal of this article is to explore the experiences of pioneers of social entrepreneurship in Lithuania, the way they create and develop the model of social entrepreneurship. The first half of the article discusses various concepts of social entrepreneurship, its historical development, connections with corporate social responsibility and its purpose in contemporary societies. The second part describes the authentic experiences of being the icebreakers of social business practices in bureaucratic system. Results are based on semi-structured qualitative interviews, conducted in autumn 2018 - spring 2019, with 14 social entrepreneurs in Lithuania. The analysis was done following the approach of grounded theory. The research shows, that social entrepreneurs experience various challenges while cooperating with governmental institutions or municipalities while searching for suitable funding models and experiencing ignorance from society in general. Nevertheless, they still engage in these activities with the help and support of an emerging community of active like-minded social entrepreneurs, whose support is essential for the existence and development of social entrepreneurship in Lithuania.

The phenomenon of social entrepreneurship is sufficiently well-researched abroad since the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, it is quite a new and under-researched subject in Lithuanian academic discourse. The goal of this article is to explore the experiences of pioneers of social entrepreneurship in Lithuania, the way they create and develop the model of social entrepreneurship. The first half of the article discusses various concepts of social entrepreneurship, its historical development, connections with corporate social responsibility and its purpose in contemporary societies. The second part describes the authentic experiences of being the icebreakers of social business practices in bureaucratic system. Results are based on semi-structured qualitative interviews, conducted in autumn 2018 - spring 2019, with 14 social entrepreneurs in Lithuania. The analysis was done following the approach of grounded theory. The research shows, that social entrepreneurs experience various challenges while cooperating with governmental institutions or municipalities while searching for suitable funding models and experiencing ignorance from society in general. Nevertheless, they still engage in these activities with the help and support of an emerging community of active like-minded social entrepreneurs, whose support is essential for the existence and development of social entrepreneurship in Lithuania.

The phenomenon of social entrepreneurship is sufficiently well-researched abroad since the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, it is quite a new and under-researched subject in Lithuanian academic discourse. The goal of this article is to explore the experiences of pioneers of social entrepreneurship in Lithuania, the way they create and develop the model of social entrepreneurship. The first half of the article discusses various concepts of social entrepreneurship, its historical development, connections with corporate social responsibility and its purpose in contemporary societies. The second part describes the authentic experiences of being the icebreakers of social business practices in bureaucratic system. Results are based on semi-structured qualitative interviews, conducted in autumn 2018 - spring 2019, with 14 social entrepreneurs in Lithuania. The analysis was done following the approach of grounded theory. The research shows, that social entrepreneurs experience various challenges while cooperating with governmental institutions or municipalities while searching for suitable funding models and experiencing ignorance from society in general. Nevertheless, they still engage in these activities with the help and support of an emerging community of active like-minded social entrepreneurs, whose support is essential for the existence and development of social entrepreneurship in Lithuania.

Svarbūs veikėjai vaiko teisių apsaugos sistemos pertvarkos procese yra šioje srityje dirbantys specialistai, kurių veiklos kokybė ir efektyvumas buvo vienas svarbių pertvarkos poreikio motyvų. Straipsnyje keliamas klausimas, kiek šių specialistų darbo sąlygų, darbo organizavimo klausimai sulaukia dėmesio pagrindiniuose teisės aktuose, apibrėžiančiuose vaiko teisių apsaugos ir gerovės sistemų rėmus bei pagrindinius principus. Analizė atskleidė, kad dėmesio šiems klausimams stinga, ypač turint galvoje, jog šie specialistai veikia rizikingomis, emociškai sudėtingomis ir prieštaravimų kupinomis sąlygomis.In this article, authors analyze the legal regulation of the work of Child rights protection (CRP) specialists in the context of the transformation of the CRP system in Lithuania. Intensive changes in the legislation and practice organization field of CRP over the last three years have created preconditions for better operational functioning of the system. However, it can be concluded that the professional status of CRP specialists is not yet completely shaped. There are no requirements for the qualification, the procedure for its promotion and certification; the work of specialists is more defined by the functions they perform than by professional competence. Although workers work in risky, emotionally challenging conditions, health and safety measures are not definitely determined. The basic legislation shaping the protection and welfare of the rights of children pays little attention to them, they do not distinguish as a separate category of employees, and the specifics of their activities are not clearly identified. During last three years some activities, such as assessment of the child's and family's situation, and the procedure of removing a child from its family and others have become more regulated. On the one hand, such regulations provide methodological assistance for their professional decisions; on the other hand, it may also create certain restrictions for their freedom and for development of their competencies. It is important that the principle of individualization remains in professional practice. CRP professionals constantly face dilemmas where they need to balance between support and control. Discussions and reflections on these situations could become be a stimulus for the conceptualization of such practices in the Lithuanian CRP system.