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All three peoples -- Americans, Arabs, & Israelis -- are currently reacting to collective threat & fear; &, in doing so, they often violate their own deeply held principles. This article presents a social-psychological analysis of this crisis. First, it notes the value violations committed by all three groups. Then it notes heartening exceptions to these trends. Next, it explores why there is such widespread acceptance of these value violations. It then emphasizes the profoundly counterproductive results of revenge & retaliation. The article closes by asking, "Is there a way out?" Toward that end, it offers three social-psychological suggestions: Charles Osgood's GRIT process, the countering of three widespread but destructive myths, & Ralph White's realistic empathy. 105 References. Adapted from the source document.

Millions of ex-colonials, "guest workers," refugees, and other immigrants have settled in western Europe during recent decades. Extensive research on this phenomenon broadens sociology's understanding of intergroup relations in industrial societies. Unlike African Americans, these new Europeans are often viewed as not "belonging," and gaining citizenship can be difficult. The chapter discusses four major reactions to the new minorities: prejudice, discrimination, political opposition, and violence. Both blatant and subtle forms of prejudice predict anti-immigrant attitudes. And between 1988 and 1991, a hardening took place in these attitudes. Similarly, direct and indirect discrimination against the new minorities is pervasive. Moreover, anti-discrimination efforts have been largely ineffective. Far-right, anti-immigration political parties have formed to exploit this situation. These openly racist parties have succeeded in shifting the political spectrum on the issue to the right. In addition, violence against third-world immigrants has increased in recent years, especially in nations such as Britain and Germany where far-right parties are weakest. The chapter concludes that these phenomena are remarkably consistent across western Europe. Furthermore, the European research on these topics supports and extends North American research in intergroup relations.

Der Begriff Vorurteil wird auf die Beziehungen zwischen den ethnischen Gruppen in den USA angewandt und in diesem Kontext theoretisch expliziert. Die konflikttheoretische Arbeit führt zu folgenden Ergebnissen: (1) Das Vorurteil verstößt gegen die Norm der Rationalität auf intellektueller Ebene, und auf emotionaler Ebene verstößt es gegen die Norm der Mitmenschlichkeit; (2) die kognitive Faktoren des Vorurteils sind durch Wahrnehmungsverzerrungen bedingt; (3) die affektiven Faktoren des Vorurteils resultieren aus einer Freund-Feind-Dimension; (4) Vorurteile haben systematische Konsequenzen für soziales Verhalten; sie formen die Auseinandersetzungen zwischen den ethnischen Gruppierungen; (5) in den USA haben sich die Gruppen-Vorurteile nach 1945 deutlich abgeschwächt. (HA)