Suchergebnisse

Les auteurs soulignent dans l'introduction le risque inhérent à un exercice de prospective pour les élevages laitiers et le lait demain qui est tributaire de nombreuses variables peu maîtrisées. Ils rappellent les principaux atouts du lait, de l'élevage laitier et de la filière laitière française au regard des tendances de la demande mondiale, mais soulignent aussi les fragilités auxquelles la filière laitière, dans son ensemble, et la filière française en particulier, devra s'efforcer de répondre. Il s'agit à court terme des questions relatives à sa compétitivité mais également, l'érosion de son image et de son attractivité, son impact sur la santé de la population ou sur l'environnement. Un état des lieux de la situation actuelle est dressé, qui permet de souligner que tant les filières amont qu'aval se sont restructurées, et que cette tendance va se poursuivre, accompagnée d'une forte mutation du modèle social en production laitière. Les auteurs décrivent ensuite les principaux déterminants pour une filière durable, de l'amont à l'aval. Les axes de progrès majeurs pour le développement d'un secteur laitier compétitif et répondant aux attentes sociétales résident dans l'amélioration de l'efficacité de l'animal et du troupeau, l'autonomie et la sécurité de l'alimentation des troupeaux, l'amélioration des conditions de travail des éleveurs, une meilleure intégration des exploitations d'élevage au sein des territoires, une meilleure utilisation des innovations technologiques et organisationnelles, l'amplification des démarches de qualité, une veille et un «benchmarking» avec les pays et les secteurs concurrents notamment en termes d'innovation et un meilleur dialogue entre amont et aval pour l'adaptation du lait aux besoins de la transformation. En complément de ces actions clés pour assurer la durabilité de la filière laitière, d'autres pistes d'actions sont suggérées, dont l'élaboration d'une véritable stratégie de filière à même d'orienter les politiques publiques et de rapprocher les acteurs de la recherche-développement et de l'innovation. ; The authors first warn about the difficulty of performing a short prospective analysis on dairy husbandry and the dairy industry where a large number of uncontrolled variables interfere. They recall the main assets of milk, dairy husbandry and the French dairy industry with regard to the world market trend, but also underline the frailties the global and the French dairy industry in particular, will have to address. These main frailties are its relative lack of competitiveness, its deteriorating image, its potential impact on human health and the impact of dairy husbandry on the environment. A description of the present situation is drafted showing that the French dairy industry has re-structured massively and that this trend will continue in the years to come, along with a significant mutation of the social model of dairying. The main drivers toward a sustainable dairy sector in the future will encompass the improvement of efficacy of dairy cow and herd management, feed security, improving labor conditions, improving the links of dairy farms to their territory, optimizing and accelerating the utilization of technical and organizational innovations, increasing the productions under quality label, monitoring and benchmarking competing sectors with regards to innovation and implementing a better dialogue between milk producers and processors in order to better adapt milk to its further processing and end-consumer needs., In addition, some suggestions are made to implement a real dairy industry strategy in order to guide public policies and enhance innovation through an improved operational partnership with research and development institutes.

Les prairies permanentes représentent 57 millions d'hectares dont 16,9 millions de landes et parcours ; la prairie temporaire occupe 10 millions ha. Les surfaces en prairie ont fortement régressé depuis 1960, la perte étant estimée à environ 30 % soit plus de 7 millions ha au niveau de l'Europe et 4 millions en France, mais il semble que les surfaces se stabilisent depuis 2003. Les prairies européennes se caractérisent par une grande diversité : couverts semés ou végétation indigène, leur niveau de production est très variable de même que leur répartition entre les différents pays. Elles assurent de nombreux services écosystémiques dont la séquestration de carbone, le maintien de la biodiversité et la qualité des sols et de l'eau. Ces services, de mieux en mieux reconnus par la société, sont progressivement pris en compte par les politiques publiques. ; This text specifies the current status and recent evolution of permanent grassland in Europe and in France, and reviews the main services provided by grassland. Grassland covers over 40 % of European agricultural land. Permanent grassland covers 57 million ha and temporary grassland, 10 million ha. Total grassland acreage dropped significantly between 1960 and 2003. Total loss is estimated at 30 %, which is to say over 7 million ha lost in Europe and 4 million ha lost in France. Grassland in Europe is characterized by a rich biodiversity, sown grassland and indigenous vegetation, its level of production is highly variable, as is its distribution in different countries. This agricultural cover is all the more important because it is multifunctional and has a considerable environmental and social impact. Grassland provides a wide range of ecosystem services (carbon sequestration, protecting biodiversity, preserving soil quality and purifying drinking water.) which are increasingly being recognized and taken into account by public bodies in charge of policy making.

Since it has no market value, and is rarely granted public subsidies (CAP), land put down to grass has long been declining in France. This is particularly true of plains. Yet a large number of studies have shown that grass-based systems provide substantial benefits: nutritionally balanced forage and grass, improved financial performance owing to lower working costs, reliable, resilient, and sustainable systems (for example by limiting the use of imported soybean meal and optimizing land use), environmental benefits encouraged by sustainable farming practices (cover crops, fertilization), as well as rendered services. This new knowledge makes it possible to envisage a rational utilization of grassland that would optimize land use, self-sufficiency and environmental performance, thereby contributing to the development of high performance integrated farming systems. ; La prairie est une surface multifonctionnelle qui procure à la fois une ressource alimentaire bon marché pourl'élevage de ruminants et des biens et services publics qui sont de mieux en mieux décrits par la recherche maiscette production de biens publics n'est pas, ou peu, rémunérée par les marchés (prix) ou par les politiquespubliques (PAC). Les surfaces en prairie continuent donc de s'éroder. C'est donc par son aptitude à convaincrepour ses atouts économiques, les économies d' intrants qu'elle peut procurer, sa valeur alimentaire équilibrée etsa capacité productive annuelle que la prairie pourra se maintenir. Ce texte fait le point sur ces différents aspectset montre dans quelle mesure les nouvelles connaissances permettent d'envisager, grâce à une utilisationrationnelle de la prairie, des gains simultanés sur la productivité des surfaces, l'autonomie des systèmes et leursperformances environnementales.

La prairie est une surface multifonctionnelle qui procure à la fois une ressource alimentaire bon marché pour l'élevage de ruminants et des biens et services publics qui sont de mieux en mieux décrits par la recherche mais cette production de biens publics n'est pas, ou peu, rémunérée par les marchés (prix) ou par les politiques publiques (PAC). Les surfaces en prairie continuent donc de s'éroder. C'est donc par son aptitude à convaincre pour ses atouts économiques, les économies d' intrants qu'elle peut procurer, sa valeur alimentaire équilibrée et sa capacité productive annuelle que la prairie pourra se maintenir. Ce texte fait le point sur ces différents aspects et montre dans quelle mesure les nouvelles connaissances permettent d'envisager, grâce à une utilisation rationnelle de la prairie, des gains simultanés sur la productivité des surfaces, l'autonomie des systèmes et leurs performances environnementales. ; Since it has no market value, and is rarely granted public subsidies (CAP), land put down to grass has long been declining in France. This is particularly true of plains. Yet a large number of studies have shown that grass-based systems provide substantial benefits: nutritionally balanced forage and grass, improved financial performance owing to lower working costs, reliable, resilient, and sustainable systems (for example by limiting the use of imported soybean meal and optimizing land use), environmental benefits encouraged by sustainable farming practices (cover crops, fertilization), as well as rendered services. This new knowledge makes it possible to envisage a rational utilization of grassland that would optimize land use, self-sufficiency and environmental performance, thereby contributing to the development of high performance integrated farming systems.

National audience ; The dairy sector has been benefiting from an economical and political stability for twenty years. How will the forthcoming important changes affect the French dairy systems in their diversity ? A prospective analysis gives the outline of some major axes of evolution. A brief reminder of the specificities of the four main dairying zones of France, which are linked to the other European zones, is followed by an analysis of the acting motive powers of change and of their consequences on the systems presented, for each of the dairying zones. An efficient management of these systems will still require productive animals, but endowed with new aptitudes. The analysis of the foreseeable changes affecting the production systems in these different zones shows the possibility of a new map of the French dairy production, with a shift towards the forage crop regions of western France and towards the grassland regions of north-western France; this raises the question of the national distribution of subsidies to control these transfers, which might be important if governed by the sole market forces.

The dairy sector has been benefiting from an economical and political stability for twenty years. How will the forthcoming important changes affect the French dairy systems in their diversity ? A prospective analysis gives the outline of some major axes of evolution. A brief reminder of the specificities of the four main dairying zones of France, which are linked to the other European zones, is followed by an analysis of the acting motive powers of change and of their consequences on the systems presented, for each of the dairying zones. An efficient management of these systems will still require productive animals, but endowed with new aptitudes. The analysis of the foreseeable changes affecting the production systems in these different zones shows the possibility of a new map of the French dairy production, with a shift towards the forage crop regions of western France and towards the grassland regions of north-western France; this raises the question of the national distribution of subsidies to control these transfers, which might be important if governed by the sole market forces.

Following the bidding by the General Commission for Future Strategy of the French government, INRA has analyzed the different evolutions possible in French practices and agriculture systems towards a more sustainable production that manages to combine productive, economic, environmental and social performances. A method to help design and evaluating the systems was thus developed. This method is based on over 200 basic agricultural practices whose impact was qualified on 35 performance indicators as well as on a compatibility index between these elementary practices. Two studies based on different uses of this method are presented: i) the step by step conception of a production system by progressively incorporating elementary practices from one entry practice with major effect, to increase food autonomy in dairy cattle production by valorizing grasslands; ii) evaluating the system performances a posteriori by transcribing the action levers and progress margins identified by an expert panel into elementary practices in order to improve competition of the broiler industry through the development of two very different but complementary production systems. The tendencies of the simulated or rebuilt performance evolution of these production systems are discussed. When situations present an ambivalent impact of a practice on one performance, using the detailed description of these practices often allows reducing the uncertainty by considering the situations associated with each type of impact. ; Suite à un appel d'offre du Commissariat Général à la Stratégie et à la Prospective du gouvernement français, l'INRA a analysé les possibilités d'évolution des pratiques et des systèmes agricoles français vers des systèmes de production plus durables conciliant performances productives, économiques, environnementales et sociales. Une méthodologie d'aide à la conception et à l'évaluation de systèmes a été développée à cette occasion. Elle s'appuie sur un répertoire de plus de 200 pratiques agricoles élémentaires dont l'impact a ...

Suite à un appel d'offre du Commissariat Général à la Stratégie et à la Prospective du gouvernement français, l'INRA a analysé les possibilités d'évolution des pratiques et des systèmes agricoles français vers des systèmes de production plus durables conciliant performances productives, économiques, environnementales et sociales. Une méthodologie d'aide à la conception et à l'évaluation de systèmes a été développée à cette occasion. Elle s'appuie sur un répertoire de plus de 200 pratiques agricoles élémentaires dont l'impact a été qualifié sur 35 indicateurs de performances, ainsi que sur une table de compatibilité entre pratiques élémentaires. Deux études de cas fondées sur des modalités différentes d'utilisation de cette méthodologie sont présentées : i) la conception pas à pas de système de production par incorporation progressive de pratiques élémentaires à partir d'une pratique d'entrée à effet majeur, pour accroître l'autonomie alimentaire en production bovine laitière en valorisant la prairie ; ii) l'évaluation à postériori des performances de systèmes en transcrivant sous forme de pratiques élémentaires des leviers d'action et marges de progrès identifiés à dire d'expert pour améliorer la compétitivité de la filière poulet de chair par la mise en place de deux systèmes de production très contrastés mais complémentaires. Les tendances d'évolution des performances des systèmes de production ainsi simulés ou reconstitués sont discutées. Dans les situations d'impact ambivalent d'une pratique sur une performance, le recours au descriptif détaillé des pratiques permet le plus souvent de réduire l'incertitude en prenant en compte les situations associées à chaque type d'impact. ; Following the bidding by the General Commission for Future Strategy of the French government, INRA has analyzed the different evolutions possible in French practices and agriculture systems towards a more sustainable production that manages to combine productive, economic, environmental and social performances. A method to help design and evaluating the systems was thus developed. This method is based on over 200 basic agricultural practices whose impact was qualified on 35 performance indicators as well as on a compatibility index between these elementary practices. Two studies based on different uses of this method are presented: i) the step by step conception of a production system by progressively incorporating elementary practices from one entry practice with major effect, to increase food autonomy in dairy cattle production by valorizing grasslands; ii) evaluating the system performances a posteriori by transcribing the action levers and progress margins identified by an expert panel into elementary practices in order to improve competition of the broiler industry through the development of two very different but complementary production systems. The tendencies of the simulated or rebuilt performance evolution of these production systems are discussed. When situations present an ambivalent impact of a practice on one performance, using the detailed description of these practices often allows reducing the uncertainty by considering the situations associated with each type of impact.

Following the bidding by the General Commission for Future Strategy of the French government, INRA has analyzed the different evolutions possible in French practices and agriculture systems towards a more sustainable production that manages to combine productive, economic, environmental and social performances. A method to help design and evaluating the systems was thus developed. This method is based on over 200 basic agricultural practices whose impact was qualified on 35 performance indicators as well as on a compatibility index between these elementary practices. Two studies based on different uses of this method are presented: i) the step by step conception of a production system by progressively incorporating elementary practices from one entry practice with major effect, to increase food autonomy in dairy cattle production by valorizing grasslands; ii) evaluating the system performances a posteriori by transcribing the action levers and progress margins identified by an expert panel into elementary practices in order to improve competition of the broiler industry through the development of two very different but complementary production systems. The tendencies of the simulated or rebuilt performance evolution of these production systems are discussed. When situations present an ambivalent impact of a practice on one performance, using the detailed description of these practices often allows reducing the uncertainty by considering the situations associated with each type of impact. ; Suite à un appel d'offre du Commissariat Général à la Stratégie et à la Prospective du gouvernement français, l'INRA a analysé les possibilités d'évolution des pratiques et des systèmes agricoles français vers des systèmes de production plus durables conciliant performances productives, économiques, environnementales et sociales. Une méthodologie d'aide à la conception et à l'évaluation de systèmes a été développée à cette occasion. Elle s'appuie sur un répertoire de plus de 200 pratiques agricoles élémentaires dont l'impact a ...

MultiSward aimed to conceive, evaluate and promote sustainable ruminant production systemsbased on the use of grass lands with a high leve! of multi-functionality by the concerted use ofdiverse multi-species swards, diverse plant communities at farm and landscape levels, anddiverse production systems. It was demonstrated that the use of sown multi-species swardscombining legumes and grasses as weil as shallow and deep-rooting species are as productiveas fertilized grasses; they allow high levels of animal performance and these results are notconflicting with the delivery of a range of services. For permanent grassland, differentiatedgrassland management and climate variables influencing functional diversity criteria linked toecosystem services were identified. Severa! innovations in grazing management were proposedto enhance the benefits of grassland-based systems. Different operational indicators sets easilyimplemented at farm and at landscape levels were developed and demonstrate the contributionof grassland-based systems and effects of management on the provision of food andenvironmental services including the maintenance of farmland biodivers ity. Modelling ofsevera! policy options and priee hypothesis showed that extensive grassland abandonment maybe prevented by area payment supporting grassland use, whereas lower Common AgriculturalPo licy support payments and higher commodity priees may cause less control of land use. Inconclusion, MultiSward provided a detailed EU-wide and multifunctional-orientated overviewof grassland-based ruminant production systems thus opening the opportunity to define, on anew basis, the contribution of ruminant production on grassland to economie returns forfarmers, biodiversity conservation and provision of ecosystem services. This willlead to a betterconsideration and acceptance ofthese ruminant production systems by EU citizens and farmers,and will contribute to secure optimal European grassland acreage.

MultiSward aimed to conceive, evaluate and promote sustainable ruminant production systems based on the use of grass lands with a high leve! of multi-functionality by the concerted use of diverse multi-species swards, diverse plant communities at farm and landscape levels, and diverse production systems. It was demonstrated that the use of sown multi-species swards combining legumes and grasses as weil as shallow and deep-rooting species are as productive as fertilized grasses; they allow high levels of animal performance and these results are not conflicting with the delivery of a range of services. For permanent grassland, differentiated grassland management and climate variables influencing functional diversity criteria linked to ecosystem services were identified. Severa! innovations in grazing management were proposed to enhance the benefits of grassland-based systems. Different operational indicators sets easily implemented at farm and at landscape levels were developed and demonstrate the contribution of grassland-based systems and effects of management on the provision of food and environmental services including the maintenance of farmland biodivers ity. Modelling of severa! policy options and priee hypothesis showed that extensive grassland abandonment may be prevented by area payment supporting grassland use, whereas lower Common Agricultural Po licy support payments and higher commodity priees may cause less control of land use. In conclusion, MultiSward provided a detailed EU-wide and multifunctional-orientated overview of grassland-based ruminant production systems thus opening the opportunity to define, on a new basis, the contribution of ruminant production on grassland to economie returns for farmers, biodiversity conservation and provision of ecosystem services. This willlead to a better consideration and acceptance ofthese ruminant production systems by EU citizens and farmers, and will contribute to secure optimal European grassland acreage.

International audience ; Throughout the world, animal production faces huge sustainability challenges. The latter are exacerbated in the European Union (EU) where issues related to climate change, the environment, human health and animal welfare are the subject of intense debates. Besides negative impacts, it is important to recall that animal production and consumption have also economic, territorial and nutritional benefits. In addition, some livestock systems, notably grass-based systems, may also provide positive climatic and environmental services. Animal production is highly regulated in the EU, whereas the consumption of animal products is not (or very slightly) regulated. Numerous negative and positive impacts of animal production and consumption are public goods that are not well taken into account by private actors and markets. As a result, there is legitimacy and scope for public policies aimed at reducing the damage and increasing the benefits of animal production and consumption. The last part of the paper explains how this could be achieved in the EU through a significantly revised and extended Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) that more closely follows the principles of public economics ; Dans le monde entier, les productions animales sont aujourd'hui confrontées à des défis majeurs en matière de durabilité. Ces derniers sont exacerbés dans l'Union européenne (UE) où les questions relatives au réchauffement climatique, à l'environnement, à la santé humaine et au bien-être animal suscitent de nombreux débats. À côté des impacts négatifs, les productions animales peuvent également présenter des avantages sur les plans économique, territorial et nutritionnel. Certains systèmes d'élevage, notamment les systèmes herbagers, peuvent également avoir des effets positifs sur le climat et l'environnement. Les productions animales sont fortement régulées dans l'UE, alors que la consommation de produits animaux ne l'est pas ou très peu. Bon nombre des effets négatifs et positifs sont des biens publics, mal pris ...

In order to promote sustainable and competitive ruminant production systems, the European Multisward project was aimed at improving farmer trust in grassland and grassland mixtures. A questionnaire on grassland functions was submitted in eight languages, in order to better understand the importance of grassland functions for all the stakeholders involved (farmers, policy decision-makers, researchers, farming advisors, students, teachers, private companies and NGOs). Over 2,000 replies were received. The 3 aspects of sustainability were classified as follows: Economic aspects > ecological aspects > social aspects, with varying results per country and type of stakeholder. Grassland functions are widely recognized and appreciated by all the players involved, emphasizing the importance of grassland in Europe. ; Pour favoriser des systèmes de production de ruminants compétitifs et durables, le projet européen Multisward avait pour objectif d'améliorer la confiance des agriculteurs dans les prairies et mélanges prairiaux. Un questionnaire en 8 langues sur les fonctions des prairies a été proposé pour mieux connaître l'importance qu'elles revêtent auprès des différents acteurs concernés.La participation active de tous les acteurs concernés par les prairies (éleveurs, décideurs politiques, chercheurs, conseillers, étudiants, enseignants, entreprises et ONG) était un des objectifs clés du projet Multisward. Le questionnaire qui leur a été diffusé les interrogeait sur les fonctions des prairies. Près de 2 000 réponses ont été obtenues (principalement de Belgique, France, Irlande, Italie, Pays-Bas et Pologne). Interrogés sur l'importance des différents aspects de la durabilité, ces acteurs ont ainsi classé les 3 dimensions de la durabilité : économie > écologie > aspects sociaux, avec des variations selon le pays et le type d'enquêté. Les différentes fonctions des prairies sont largement reconnues et appréciées par tous les groupes d'acteurs, ce qui souligne l'importance des prairies en Europe.

Pour favoriser des systèmes de production de ruminants compétitifs et durables, le projet européen Multisward avait pour objectif d'améliorer la confiance des agriculteurs dans les prairies et mélanges prairiaux. Un questionnaire en 8 langues sur les fonctions des prairies a été proposé pour mieux connaître l'importance qu'elles revêtent auprès des différents acteurs concernés. La participation active de tous les acteurs concernés par les prairies (éleveurs, décideurs politiques, chercheurs, conseillers, étudiants, enseignants, entreprises et ONG) était un des objectifs clés du projet Multisward. Le questionnaire qui leur a été diffusé les interrogeait sur les fonctions des prairies. Près de 2 000 réponses ont été obtenues (principalement de Belgique, France, Irlande, Italie, Pays-Bas et Pologne). Interrogés sur l'importance des différents aspects de la durabilité, ces acteurs ont ainsi classé les 3 dimensions de la durabilité : économie > écologie > aspects sociaux, avec des variations selon le pays et le type d'enquêté. Les différentes fonctions des prairies sont largement reconnues et appréciées par tous les groupes d'acteurs, ce qui souligne l'importance des prairies en Europe. ; In order to promote sustainable and competitive ruminant production systems, the European Multisward project was aimed at improving farmer trust in grassland and grassland mixtures. A questionnaire on grassland functions was submitted in eight languages, in order to better understand the importance of grassland functions for all the stakeholders involved (farmers, policy decision-makers, researchers, farming advisors, students, teachers, private companies and NGOs). Over 2,000 replies were received. The 3 aspects of sustainability were classified as follows: Economic aspects > ecological aspects > social aspects, with varying results per country and type of stakeholder. Grassland functions are widely recognized and appreciated by all the players involved, emphasizing the importance of grassland in Europe.

International audience ; The European project Multisward aims to increase reliance on grasslands and on multi-species swards for competitive and sustainable ruminant production systems. This contributes to food security and enhanced environmental goods. As part of Multisward, an inventory was made of requirements and expectations of stakeholders with respect to the multi-functionality of grasslands in EU countries. The traditional foursome of primary producer, policy maker, research and advice were identified as the most important stakeholders, followed by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) (nature, environment), education and industry. A first international stakeholder consultation revealed the appreciation of current and future functions of grasslands in Europe. In general the economic functions of grasslands, mainly feed for herbivores, were considered the most important. Stakeholders expected this to remain unchanged in future. Environmental functions of grasslands were placed second : water quality and quantity, adaptation to climate change, mitigation and biodiversity. Finally, social services were mentioned.