Suchergebnisse

La distribution d'eau potable est une compétence que les communes organisent soit à leur échelle soit en s'associant entre elles. Elles décident du mode de gestion de leurs services : soit gestion en régie soit gestion déléguée à un opérateur privé. À l'issue du processus de généralisation de la distribution d'eau potable (1880-1980), les services d'eau sont majoritairement organisés dans le cadre de syndicats de communes et gérés par délégation de service public. En 2014, la loi NOTRe transfère la compétence en matière d'eau potable des 36000 communes aux communautés et métropoles (2000). Ce Big Bang organisationnel est le point d'orgue d'une politique de rééquilibrage des modes de gestion des services d'eau urbains, et constitue, pour les services ruraux et des petites villes, une épreuve qui appelle de leur part une évolution transformative.

Résumé Pour 75 % de la population française, le service public d'eau potable est délégué à un opérateur privé. Ce modèle concentre l'attention dans un contexte marqué par l'opposition entre gestions publique et privée. Il occulte de fait la grande diversité de l'organisation des services d'eau, née de la combinaison d'organisations distinctes pour chacune des activités (production, distribution), de l'application de règles différentes selon la taille des services et de l'évolution territoriale que ces derniers connaissent depuis la loi Chevènement (1999). La domination du modèle en délégation de service public est en fait l'aboutissement d'une histoire, où l'organisation institutionnelle et territoriale des services et les opportunités de gestion ont joué un rôle déterminant. La mise en perspective historique des contraintes auxquelles les collectivités locales ont été soumises et de leurs choix permet d'analyser l'ensemble du modèle actuel et d'envisager ses possibles évolutions.

In this issue we feature five articles focused on experiences from Bolivia, Chile, France, and Spain, presenting research results, some originated in doctoral dissertations. Article 1 was authored by Christelle Pezon, from the National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), at the Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Action-oriented Sciences (LIRSA), Paris, France. The paper presents a synthetic historical overview of the changing institutional arrangements for the provision of water and sanitation services in France. The focus is on the expected far-reaching impacts of the 2015 NOTRe Law, which prompted a historical reform by transferring the responsibility over water services from 36,600 municipalities to 2,000 urban and rural communities. The author argues that the reform presents unprecedented challenges for rural areas and small towns but may also end the long-standing dichotomic choice between public and private management of water services facing local governments since the 19th century and induce the development of more complex arrangements dependent on political negotiations between local authorities, service providers, and users. Article 2 was written by Cristian Flores Fernandez from the Integrative Institute of Research on Transformations of Human-Environmental Systems (IRI THESys), and Department of Geography, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. The paper addresses the Chilean model of privatized urban water and sanitation services, and presents a critical assessment aimed at exposing the "myths" associated with this experience. The author provides a historical overview of the Chilean model of privatization and uses the 2019 sanitary crisis that affected over 140 thousand people in the city of Osorno as an empirical example of the failures and risks associated with the privatization of essential water and sanitation services. The Chilean case is also the object of Article 3, by Melissa Bayer, from the Institute of Geography, University of Münster, Germany. The author examines the situation ...

Substantially reducing the number of human beings who lack access to clean water and safe sanitation is one of the key Millennium Development Goals. This book argues and demonstrates that this can only be achieved by a better integration of the technical and social science approaches in the search for improved organization and delivery of these essential services. It presents a historical analysis of the development of water and sanitation services in both developed and developing countries, which provides valuable lessons for overcoming the obstacles facing the universalization of these services. Among the key lessons emerging from the historical analysis are the organizational and institutional diversity characterizing the development of water and sanitation internationally, and the central role played by the public sector, particularly local authorities, in such development. It also explores the historical role played by cooperatives and other non-profit institutions in reaching rural and peri-urban areas, as well as the emergence of new forms of organization and provision, particularly in poor countries, where aid and development agencies have been promoting the self-organization of water systems by local communities. The book provides a critical exploration of these different institutional options, including the interaction between the public and private sectors, and the irreplaceable role of public funding as a condition for success. The book is divided into two parts: the first reviews theoretical and conceptual issues such as the political economy of water services, financing, the interfaces between water and sanitation services and public health, and the systemic conditions that influence the provision of these services, including the diversity of organizational and institutional options characterizing the governance and management of water and sanitation services. The second section presents a number of country or regional case studies, each one chosen to highlight a particular problem, approach or ...

This book is an updated and extended version of José Esteban Castro and Léo Heller (Eds.), Water and Sanitation Services: Public Policy and Management (Earthscan, 2009; Routledge, 2012) and contains 5 new chapters on Brazil and 1 on Venezuela. Substantially reducing the number of human beings who lack access to clean water and safe sanitation is one of the key Millennium Development Goals. This book argues and demonstrates that this can only be achieved by a better integration of the technical and social science approaches in the search for improved organization and delivery of these essential services. It presents a historical analysis of the development of water and sanitation services in both developed and developing countries, which provides valuable lessons for overcoming the obstacles facing the universalization of these services. Among the key lessons emerging from the historical analysis are the organizational and institutional diversity characterizing the development of water and sanitation internationally, and the central role played by the public sector, particularly local authorities, in such development. It also explores the historical role played by cooperatives and other non-profit institutions in reaching rural and peri-urban areas, as well as the emergence of new forms of organization and provision, particularly in poor countries, where aid and development agencies have been promoting the self-organization of water systems by local communities. The book provides a critical exploration of these different institutional options, including the interaction between the public and private sectors, and the irreplaceable role of public funding as a condition for success. The book is divided into two parts: the first reviews theoretical and conceptual issues such as the political economy of water services, financing, the interfaces between water and sanitation services and public health, and the systemic conditions that influence the provision of these services, including the diversity of organizational ...